Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Outsourcing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words
Outsourcing - Research Paper Example Why are they still outsourcing from these suppliers. Are there more fundamental principles that need to be considered? This work will try to answer these questions and other issues in more details. National Express is the largest scheduled coach service provider in Europe. In the UK, distinctive white National Express coaches operate to more than 1,000 destinations and carry over 17 million customers a year. The Euro lines coaches additionally operate to over 500 destinations within Europe and Ireland. National Express coach services also serve the major UK airports with additional dedicated on-airport coach and bus services operated by Air links that are based at Gatwick. They also provide a Hotel Hoppa service, which links major hotels at both Heathrow and Gatwick to the airport terminals. Other dedicated airport operations help to serve British Airports Authority (BAA) and the wider airline community at these increasingly busy locations. National Express Ltd is also part of a leading international transport provider - National Express Group (NEG), which itself has over 45,000 employees. In addition to train and bus companies within the UK including Gatwick Express, one, Midland Mainline and Travel West Midlands their overseas operations include student transportation and public transit in the USA & Canada, the management of Stewart International Airport near New York and bus and coach operations in Spain operated by Alsa. In total the National Express Group now carry over 1 billion passengers a year. National Express outsources 80%of their services from third party with whom they have long term contracts. With a growing competition from many other operators, the abolition by the government of the subsidies of elderly and disable passengers, and the financial austerity, National Express like many other companies is under lot of pressure to provide a good value for money service. The aim of this project is to investigate and
Monday, October 28, 2019
Overseas Volunteer Essay Example for Free
Overseas Volunteer Essay The summer of 1996 was a time of great change for me as an individual. This was the summer that I was fortunate enough to get to spend six weeks as part of a traveling abroad program. These six weeks changed the way I viewed different places, people and cultures. I was lucky enough to experience many different things in many different places. I met many people from interesting cultural backgrounds and learned a lot from them. These six weeks prepared me for many new experiences in life. While traveling, I stayed with different families who were kind enough to take me in. Living with people who had different cultures and sometimes even different languages was a challenge for me since I had never even been out of the United States before this trip. I got to learn how to adapt to new situations by finding inventive ways to communicate with other humans. This was invaluable to me because it forced me to really pay attention to other people and learn about their cultural values through observation. This is a skill that has stayed with me. I have learned to slow down and really listen and observe in order to learn new things and gain new perspective. I was also able to visit many historic sites, landmarks and museums during my travels that I had only read about in books. I was able to apply a picture in a book to the real setting and this was an incredible experience. In these visits I was also able to learn a great deal about the culture in which I had immersed myself. This allowed me a deeper understanding of the people around me. These visits also told me about the rich histories of different groups of people and how they shaped the culture as it is today. In addition, I was able to try new and different foods which only added to my cultural experiences. At the same time, as I was experiencing new cultures I was also able to reflect on my own culture and the importance that it holds in my life. My travels have helped shaped the person I am today. I was forced to learn patience as I was immersed in cultures with different values and languages. I learned how to be creative in finding ways to communicate respectfully. I built my self confidence as I began to realize how capable I was of learning about different cultures in ways other than reading books. I got the opportunity to meet interesting people who helped me understand different ways of life and apply those to my own life. I learned how to be flexible in adapting to new ways of doing things, new ways of communicating and even new ways of eating. I experienced a great deal of personal growth in these travels that will prove invaluable to me in my future accomplishments. Changing lives is a great experience. This sentence sums up why I would like to be a Peace Corps Volunteer. I have a deep desire to change the world by changing the lives of people less fortunate than me. I have been fortunate enough to have access to a high quality education. I have always enjoyed learning and experiencing new things and I would like to pass that on to other people. My college education was only a starting point in my life long learning endeavors. I have a passion for knowledge that has allowed me to reach a point in my life where I wish to give 27 months serving as a volunteer and enriching the lives of people around the world. Habitat for Humanity has given me valuable life skills but more importantly gave me the opportunity to help people less fortunate than me. I have been able to build homes for people and at the same time learn about their individual lives. I have taken my passion for helping others and in the process began to realize how one person can make a great difference. I can be that one person that takes the initiative to make small changes that will eventually lead to big changes. I desire to take this realization and travel the world helping others through small changes. Four years in the workforce has also given me valuable experiences that will enable me to be an effective volunteer. Through working, I have gained leadership skills that will serve me well when working with a team of other volunteers. These leadership skills will help me work cooperatively to make positive changes in the world. I have also gained a clear understanding of globalization outside of the United States and I wish to build on that knowledge through my volunteer work and opportunities I wouldn’t be able to have if I continued working in the corporate world. Working as a volunteer will provide me with international experience and new insights about the world around me. I can learn new values and perspectives that will make me a more well rounded and empathetic person. I will gain new understandings of different people and cultures and be able to apply some of that to how I live my own life. At the same time, I will have a great responsibility to show others my values and teach them new and exciting things about my own culture. Twenty-seven months is a short time in my life but those months will mean big changes in my life that will last long after my time serving as a volunteer is over. My life would be greatly enriched by helping others through small changes. I look forward to the chance to start making small changes right away and watching those small changes turn into big changes that have positive impacts on people around the world.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Literature and Time Periods :: Writing History Essays
Literature and Time Periods As history has a tendency to categorize events into eras by the time periods that surround them, so does literature with its works. Both categorizations are superficial, ignoring significant distinctions that separate material for the sake of convenience, or present perception. The prehistoric era, for example, is a superficial designation for all time before written historical records, even though there are distinctions within this period, which are markedly different in historical terms. â€Å"Medieval†is defined by Webster’s II New Riverside Dictionary as â€Å"the period of European History extending approximately from A.D. 476 to 1453.†Fortunately, for convenience, this span of time encompasses both the Old English period and the Middle English period as well. As exemplified by the Old English poem Beowulf and the Middle English poetry of Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales and their cohabitation under the heading of â€Å"Medieval Literature†, thi s categorization is not only superficial, but also inaccurate. One defining difference between the two periods of literature and their selected representatives is the language from which they are spawned. Old English was a Germanic dialect spoken by a people who were composed mainly of Angles and Saxons, intermixed with Jutes, Frisians, and Celts, with some Roman blood still in the veins of some inhabitants. Middle English is the result of the Norman Conquest, and was spoken by the now native English people, intermixed with the French. The assimilation of the French language of that already spoken on the Island made for great changes. The lexicon of Old English differed somewhat from Middle English, most of which is completely lost today. There are some words that still have reflexives present in both Modern and Middle English. Beowulf offered his help to the Danish â€Å"cyning†, Old English for â€Å"king†. Chaucer lays mention of a song in the Miller’s tale, â€Å"the Kinges Note†(108). The word is similar but certainly not the same. Beowulf eats â€Å"hlaf†, Old English for â€Å"bread†, while Nicholas, Alisoun, and John eat â€Å"breed†(520) in the Miller’s Tale. Until Grendel came, Hrothgar lived in â€Å"gï †lsan†, or luxury, before the appearance of Grendel, who â€Å"amyrrede†, or squandered, his men. The languages differ structurally as well. Old English was a highly inflectional, synthetic language. Grammar was founded on cases, leaving a rather liberal syntactical structure. Middle English, however, was a lesser inflectional, analytic language, which relied on grammar in the syntax itself.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Budget Management Anylasis Essay
The first step in cost-variance analysis is developing a budget; this is an assumption of all cost in the hospital (Miller & Ryan, 1995). The second step is to collect information on accurate cost accounting (Miller & Ryan, 1995). It can be challenging for healthcare organizations to develop a budget or cost-variance analysis because of the complexity of the healthcare economy. Using the hospital of phoenix budgeted costs were compared to actual utilization. Several variances exist in all categories. Developing an accurate budget is one strategy to manage a budget within the forecast. Collected data and accounting resources can help management to formulate an accurate budget. Other strategies can come from surveying all parts of the hospital to get the opinions of staff in all areas on how to keep costs in budget or simply minimize cost. The involvement of all staff will create an urgency for budget compliance and involvement will make employees feel as though the task is more personal. Benchmarking progress through out the year is important. Changes and evaluations can be made to areas that are not with in the targeted budget. This will help by making changes before the variance becomes any higher and may decrease the overall variance. The budget report showed variance overage among; inpatient revenue, outpatient revenue, office supplies, purchased services, equipment maintenance & repair, depreciation expense, and operating margin before contractuals. The inpatient and out patient revenue had variances that were over the projected budget. However, as a result of the decrease in patient services the operational expenses of salaries, benefits, medical supplies, and pharmaceuticals were reported under the projected budget amount. The decrease in patient services could have been for a number of reasons. Repairs and maintenance on equipment was under budgeted for. Lack of functioning equipment may have been one reason for the decrease in patient services. If needed equipment is not available a patient must be sent to a facility with the proper equipment and services. This takes away from the hospitals revenue as well as its statistics. To determine other reason why there was a decline in patient revenue would require more information. The overage of money spent on office supplies cannot be accounted for. There was a lower than expected patient load therefore the cost for office supplies should have been lower than expect as the medical supplies proved to be. There needs to be a unit based investigation to see where the additional expenses on office supplies are coming from. To improve the variance with in the predicted budget and the actual spending benchmarking should be used. There are three approaches to benchmarking; competitive, cooperative, and collaborative (Finkler, 2007). Competitive benchmarking would find specific information about individual areas. This would be a good way to track supply usage and also staffing on individual units or areas of the hospital. Cooperative benchmarking is a process in which information from other organizations is used to improve this hospitals budget (Finkler, 2007). This could help the hospital improve the overall budget analysis and plan ways to save within the facility. The third benchmarking approach is collaborative benchmarking which refers to finding information in particular areas of the hospital and using it to benefit all areas of the organization (Finkler, 2007). Information from the pharmaceuticals area could be used to improve other areas such as the variance with office supplies. Reference: Finkler, S. (2007). Financial Management for Nurse Managers and Executives (3rd ed.). Saunders Elsevier Inc. St. Louis, MO. Retrieved on February 29, 2013 from: University of Phoenix Materials. Miller, T. R., & Ryan, J. B. (1995). Analyzing cost variance in capitated contracts. Healthcare Financail Management, 49(2), 22-3. Retrived from http://search.proquest.com/docview/196372371?accountid=35812 Nelson, B. (1994). Improving cash flow through benchmarking. Healthcare Financial Management, 48(9), 74-8. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/196364264?accountid=35812
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Zodiac Sign
Thomas Hotte                                                                                                  Ms. Boyd Personality profile                                                                                           Period 3 The article on Cancer fits me for the most part. It says my positive traits are â€Å"loyal, dependable, caring, adaptable, and responsive. †A cancer is a very complex person when it comes to independence. They’re very contradicting and they’re independence has to do with there state of mind. I’m like the description of a cancer because it says we have the perseverance and drive to do what we need to do and can be self sufficient. Although we don’t need someone to depend or we prefer to have someone there to help and support us like our family and close friends. What’s not as accurate is that it says we crave attention but I don’t like drawing attention to myself most of the time, I usually just like blending in. Like the horoscope says I am loyal to my friends and family who appreciate me and support me. I always do look out for my friends and I hate seeing my friends who are girls be sad so I always try to make them feel better like it says. Its also true that even though im good at listening to other people I never talk about my own feelings. Its also true because once I get past all of my emotional and personal problems I can do whatever I set my mind to I wouldn’t really say im psychic but I can be intuitive at times intelligent and observing. i have money and financial sensibility. I am complex, unpredictable, and tempermental. Im not really a fragile person, a lot of things don’t bother me. I can be
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Arbitration The WritePass Journal
Arbitration Introduction Arbitration IntroductionPart 1: The Seat TheoryThe Influence of Jurisdictional TheoryPart 2: The Delocalisation TheoryPart 3: The Impact of seat and delocalisation theoriesConclusionBibliographyRelated Introduction The concept of party autonomy provides the fundamental basis for modern international commercial arbitration law. As a result, it is widely considered to be â€Å"the most important characteristic of legislation within the field of arbitration.†[1] Party autonomy enshrines â€Å"the fundamental freedom of parties†to determine the law which will guide arbitral proceedings they are to undergo.[2] It has gained what Redfern Hunter identify as â€Å"extensive acceptance in national courts†worldwide[3]. This acceptance transcends the legal basis of national systems and has found expression in international conventions; for example, the Rome Convention which recognises the principle of party autonomy as a basic right of the parties[4]. Excessive judicial intervention is anathema to the autonomy of the parties and viewed by some commentators as being harmful to the arbitral process in undermining the principles so sacrosanct and unique to arbitration[5]. Alongsid e such intervention there are other limits to this freedom which the underlying theoretical framework influences to various degrees: â€Å"the choice of law must exist within the lex arbitri of the ‘seat’ of the tribunal and must not be contrary to public policy or natural justice considerations.†[6] This is because parties are unable to agree to a procedure â€Å"fundamentally offensive to the notions of justice of the seat of the arbitration.†[7] This thereby makes the choice of the seat a very profound step in an arbitration process. This ‘seat’ theory is very well established within international commercial arbitration and provides an established legal framework which some advocates have argued puts the very existence of international arbitration in doubt[8]. Yet should arbitration be so â€Å"anchored†[9] within the national legal system where the award was made? In direct contrast to the seat theory is the ‘delocalisationâ⠂¬â„¢ theory which provides that international commercial arbitration â€Å"should remain free from the constraints of national laws and therefore the lex arbitri†[10]. Jan Paulsson is perhaps the strongest advocate of the delocalisation theory and he argues that delocalisation has at its heart the principle of party autonomy free from the rigid constraints of the lex arbitri[11]. Both the â€Å"seat†and â€Å"delocalisation†theories have profound impacts upon the fundamental and enduring principle of party autonomy with the basic understanding being that while the seat theory constitutes a threat to the very essence of international commercial arbitration in facilitating excessive court intervention[12] the delocalisation theory conforms to and indeed strengthens the principle of party autonomy[13]. This essay will argue that both theories have, to a large extent, had a profound impact upon party autonomy in the manner referred to above. In part 1 the seat th eory will be critically evaluated while in part 2 the delocalisation theory will be discussed before looking at both theories’ undoubted and growing impact upon party autonomy within international commercial arbitration. Part 1: The Seat Theory An arbitral process must have a ‘seat’ to which the arbitral process is ultimately tied and which therefore determines the procedural law of the arbitration: the juridicial seat[14]. This forms the basis for the Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations.[15] This is to avoid causing uncertainty which may arise from a situation where a choice has not been made. The term ‘seat’ is not synonymous with the term ‘choice of law’; rather the seat is only relevant as a determinant of the governing law of an arbitration process in place of an express mention of the choice of law governing an arbitration process[16]. The seat theory certainly represents the orthodoxy in International Commercial Arbitration[17] and the international community’s acceptance of it is unsurprising for Ahmed who observes that the theory, in essence, maintains state sovereignty[18]. It must be noted, however, that the law of the seat has varying levels of involvement with arbitration within different jurisdictions and the quest for harmonisation of the lex arbitri is for Redfern and Hunter, as illusory as the search for â€Å"universal peace†[19]. In England, for example, the procedure to be adopted by the â€Å"arbitral tribunal is governed by the law of the country in which arbitration is seated†[20] thereby making the choice of country important as the law of the seat sometimes contains provisions which might have profound consequences for the proceedings. Apart from this, the choice of seat has great consequence in the context of the acknowledgement and re-enforcement of any award by virtue of the fact that the seat of arbitration constitutes a ground for the challenge of an award[21]. The example of France provides a strong contrast to the UK with our European cousins taking what has been described as a â€Å"more delocalised approach to international commercial arbitration†[22]. The theoretical f oundations clearly have a profound influence on the attitude of national courts to arbitration in interventionist terms. Hong-Lin-Yu states that[23], â€Å"the involvement of national courts in arbitration in the world over can be characterised as either intrusive or just supportive.†Among the arguments justifying the basis for the level of involvement discussed by Hong-Lin-Yu and which is relevant to this coursework in explaining the fundamentals of the involvement of the law of the seat in arbitration is jurisdictional theory. The Influence of Jurisdictional Theory Ahmed observes that the seat theory â€Å"emanates from†the jurisdictional theory which â€Å"places importance upon the territory or state within which arbitration is to take place in regulating the arbitral process†[24]. The theory proposes that the arbitration process â€Å"should be regulated by the national laws of the seat, or lex arbitri, and that of the country where recognition and enforcement will be sought†[25]. Therefore, the entire procedure must be regulated via the law selected by the parties, as well as the law of the seat of the arbitration; this is because â€Å"the power possessed by the arbitrator is acquired via concession given by the state from its monopoly over the administration of justice within its jurisdiction.†[26] It is widely acknowledged that these awards possess the equal status as a national Court Judge’s judgement. According to Klein[27], â€Å"the state alone has the right to administer justice, so in giving as a concession to arbitration in the administration of justice it is exercising a public function†; thus, an award made is correspondent to the judge’s decision. As a result, arbitrators, such as national Judges, must apply the rules of law of a particular state in order to reconcile any disputes that have been submitted. Ahmed eloquently sums up the influence of jurisdictional theory upon seat theory by observing that those who support the theory believe that the national laws of a seat have both an â€Å"automatic and legitimate†right to supervise the arbitral proceedings, or in other words, he adds, â€Å"the lex arbitri will govern arbitral proceedings†[28] which are the foundations of seat theory. As noted above Mann is one of the strongest advocates of seat theory and he has argued that it is municipal laws which are the source of the parties’ rights[29]. As noted above Mann has also insisted that, in the legal sense at least, international commercial arbitration doesn’t even exist owing to the fact that each arbitral decision is anchored within the national laws of that country[30]. Part 2: The Delocalisation Theory The principle of delocalisation refers to the partial severance of international commercial arbitration from the national laws of the seat of the tribunal[31]. Logically this also means that the arbitration should remain largely free from the lex arbitri and is truly international in character. This theory has been expressed most forcefully by Jan Paulsson whose views were described as â€Å"dangerous heresy†by Professor Park back in 1983[32]. The author is at pains though to explain that his arguments do not necessarily mean that national laws will be disregarded: it is only in certain situations, he argues, that the award should be allowed to â€Å"float†or â€Å"drift†away from the previously accepted orthodoxy of the seat theory[33]. Proponents of delocalisation also argue â€Å"that instead of the dual system of control between the lex arbitri and then the courts at the place where the award was rendered, should be replaced by just one powerful contr olling element: the place of enforcement†[34]. As Redfern Hunter note this effectively opens up the entire world for international commercial arbitrations, rendering the process: â€Å"supra national†, â€Å"a-national†, â€Å"transnational†, â€Å"delocalised†, or even â€Å"expatriate†. More poetically, this kind of arbitration is considered a â€Å"floating arbitration†, producing a â€Å"floating award†[35]. A classic case study used by many proponents of the theory is the French system which nurtures the tie amongst arbitration and the law of the country of enforcement reaches the minimum throughout the exercising of the â€Å"international public policy†and terms as provided under the New York Convention of 1958.[36] This place arbitration as â€Å"subject to the laws of the seat not being contained in French law.†[37] Under the French system, issues of arbitrability are completely left to the tribunals[38] where issues of the conflict of laws arise for determination unlike in other countries where the court can ascertain any question of validity in which there are no explicit evidence to the contrary[39]. The French position is that of total autonomy as provided under art. 1496 of Code of Civil Procedure of 1981 which gives the arbitrator the freedom to apply the law he deems appropriate in the absence of any law chosen by the parties taking into account trade usage in the application. The psychology of this section is in line with the concept of delocalisation of arbitration which allows the arbitral tribunal to operate free from national laws and most especially the lex arbitri with the only restriction being international public policy. Under the French system, the international arbitration courts are provided with restricted power to intervene as per review unless â€Å"the arbitration has some connection with France†[40] and in issues involving the setting aside of awards there are very few grounds for the challenge of an arbitration award under the French Law and this trend of minimum interference is followed in the French’s limitation of the grounds â€Å"for refusing recognition or enforcement of arbitral awards†[41]. As given by the principle of delocalised arbitration, any enforcing body is able to chose to ignore the decision made by the Court of the seat because â€Å"international arbitration cannot be deemed a manifestation of the state;†[42] therefore, international arbitration is stateless and free from the lex arbitri and indeed â€Å"floating†as noted above.[43] Hilmarton Ltd. V. Omnium de Traitement et de Valorisation (1999) 14 Mealey’s International Arbitration Report (No. 6) A-1-A-5 (High Court of England and Wales) put this position into action where the French Cour de Cassation held â€Å"that the award rendered in Switzerland is an international award which is not integrated in the legal system of that state, so that it remains in existence even if set aside and its recognition in France is not contrary to international public policy†[44]. Part 3: The Impact of seat and delocalisation theories From the above analysis of the seat and delocalisation theories, there is a clear and profound clash with the principle of party autonomy and the influence of the seat in arbitral proceedings. The basic position is that the seat theory is an obstacle to the principle of party autonomy in international commercial arbitration[45]. This is one of the chief criticisms of the orthodox seat theory and, as Ahmed rightly warns, the principle of party autonomy is in danger of becoming an anachronism if judicial intervention in international commercial arbitration goes past mere support[46]. On the other hand the delocalisation theory is perceived to have party autonomy at its heart as it arguably empowers true freedom of the parties to resolve disputes without any interference from national courts[47]. Others would go further with Pierre Lalive arguing powerfully that the parties’ private dispute should in no way be resolved with reference to national laws. As noted above the seat theo ry still has many powerful supporters and it is undoubtedly the favoured approach of many countries as it is in essence a protection of state sovereignty and allows countries to retain a degree of control of such processes[48]. Clearly the aim of the business communities’ desire in arbitration is to provide a malleable and informal process of settling disputes using the courts that tends to present the contractual outlook using their interpretation of the relationship between the parties as a contract[49]. However there is the existence of a situation where it has been claimed that arbitration concerns the differences amongst parties and existing contracts between them and the arbitrators is unsustainable. This is as a result of all of the problems surrounding the validity of the arbitral agreement and arbitrability that are chosen via the lex fori[50]. A state alone possesses the influence to pass decisions on arbitrability and that does not favour public interest or depends on every state’s economic and social policies[51]. However, while it should be conceded that that view for reducing the influence of the national law and the strength of contracts is a commendable one, this approach is not practical. The reasons for this are, firstly, as a result of the condition of the judicial review in which the court of the place of arbitration and the place of enforcement may act out supervisory powers in order to ascertain how valid the arbitrary awards. The national courts exercise this jurisdiction[52]. Secondly it is also important to note that the situation in reality, as Redfern Hunter have noted, is that despite the fact the delocalisation theory has powerful allies, â€Å"the reality is that the delocalisation of arbitrations†¦is only possible if the local law (lex arbitri) permits it†[53]. The distinguished authors cite the example of Belgium which tried to opt for delocalisation but has since changed its law owing to the simple fact that Belgium immediately became an unattractive place to settle arbitral disputes[54]. Conclusion In conclusion both the seat and delocalisation theories have exercised a strong influence over the principle of party autonomy but to different degrees. The seat theory, which undoubtedly represents the orthodox position and the preferred mode for countries seeking to preserve their sovereignty, presents a strong challenge to the principle of party autonomy. Given the prevalence of seat theory in the world this attack must be taken seriously and Ahmed is correct when he warns that the principle is in danger of becoming a â€Å"myth†should such judicial interference go beyond support to interference[55]. The example of the English courts is enough to demonstrate the dangers of excessive interference which goes beyond the â€Å"safety net†it is intended to be. On the other hand the delocalisation theory has, in the submission of this essay, had a lesser although not negligible effect upon the principle of party autonomy. Despite its noted advocates, such as Jan Paulsson , it is still very much an evolving theory[56]. Further, as Redfern Hunter have noted accurately, it is only when the lex arbitri allows it that delocalised arbitration can occur and the example of Belgium is indeed a warning that any states which embrace it do so at their own peril of parties seeking to enforce their disputes elsewhere. Of course the French courts have taken the delocalised approach to be their own while recent English decisions travel in the opposite direction[57]. The seat theory remains the orthodoxy and for now the process of harmonisation of international commercial arbitration has ground to a halt. Bibliography 1.0         Books Goode, Roy (2010) Goode on Commercial Law (4th ed) Penguin Books: London at p.1308 Andrew Tweedale and Keren Tweedale (2010): â€Å"Arbitration of Commercial Disputes: International and English Law and Practice†(Oxford University Press) Compagnie d’Armement Maritime. David St. John Sutton, John Kendall, Judith Grill(1997): Russell on Arbitration (London Sweet and Maxwell) Adam Samuel(1989): â€Å"Jurisdictional Problems in International Commercial Arbitration: A Study of Belgian, Dutch, English, Swedish, Swiss, U.S., and West German Law†. Published by Schulthess Polygraphisch verlag Redfern and Hunter(1991): â€Å"International Commercial Arbitration†.(Sweet and Maxwell) 2nd Statutes Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations [1980] Official Journal of the European Union, No L266/1 Arbitration Act 1996 French Code of Civil Procedure 1981, Book IV 4 Arbitration[1] 1958 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards  Journals Ahmed, Masood (2011) ‘The Influence of the Delocalisation and Seat Theories Upon Judicial Attitudes Towards International Commercial Arbitration’ Arbitration Volume 77 Issue 4 pp406-422 at p.406 Lalive, â€Å"Les rà ¨gles de conflit de lois appliquà ©es au fond du litige par larbitre international sià ¨geant en Suisse†(1976) 145 Recueil Des Cours 2. Lie, Ji (2011) ‘The Application of the Delocalisation Theory In Current International Commercial Arbitration’ I.C.C.L.R Volume 22 Issue 12 pp383-391 at p.384 Mann, â€Å"Lex arbitri and locus arbitri†(1988) 104 L.Q.R. 348. Paulsson, â€Å"Arbitration Unbound: Award Detached From the Law of Its Country of Origin†(1981) 30 I.C.L.Q. 358. Paulsson, Jan (1983) ‘Delocalisation of International Commercial Arbitration: When and Why it Matters’ I.C.L.Q vol.32 pp53-61 Hong-Lin-Yu (2004): â€Å"Explore the Void-An Evaluation of Arbitration Theories†: Part 1. Int. A.L.R. 2004, 7(6), 180-190 Julian Lew(1978): Applicable Law Mann (1983): â€Å"Lex Facit Arbitrum†. Arbitration International 245, 2(3) â€Å"Trends in the Field of International Arbitration†(1975)II Recueil Des Cours 233-234 Lord Mustill(1989): Arbitration: â€Å"History and Background†. 6 Journal of Int. Arb. [emailprotected] Kerr (1985): â€Å"Arbitration and the Courts: The UNCITRAL Model Law†, 84 ICLQ 1, 15 Lando(1985): â€Å"The Lex Mercatoria in International Commercial Arbitration†. 34 ICLQ 747  Cases Bay Hotel Resort Ltd. V. Cavalier Construction Ltd. [2001] UKPC 34, PC (TCI) Jakob Boss Sohne KG V. Federal Republic of Germany Application No. 18479/912.05, 8.11 Hebei Import Export Corp. V Polytek Engineering Company Ltd.(1999) 14 Mealey’s International Arbitration Report (No. 2) G-1-G-15; XXIVa YBK Comm Arbn 657-77 Mitsubishi Motors Corporation V. Soler Chrysler Plymouth Inc. 473 US 614, 105 S.Ct. ABS American Bureau of Shipping V. Shipping Co-Ownership Jules Verne(2003) Rev Arb Somm Juris 234 Green Tree Financial Corp. V. Lynn Bazzle (2000) 531 US 79, 90, 121 S Ct 513, 522 Chromalloy Aerosemica V. Arab Republic of Egypt(1993)xxii ybk Comm Arb 691 Cereals SA V. Tradex Export SA[1986]2 Lloyds Rep 301; K/S Norjal A/S V. Hyundai Heary Industries Co. Ltd [1991] 1 Lloyds Rep. 524 (CA)
Monday, October 21, 2019
The Impact of the Eighteenth Century Books essays
The Impact of the Eighteenth Century Books essays Since the nineteenth century, the world had been changing really fast. As we have made dramatic progress in the science technology, the quality of life has been changed rapidly. However, those improvements of our lives have made us lazy to do anything because today our lives are flooded with the articles or goods. It is said since then that now we live in the hedonistic and materialistic culture. Living in those cultures, people do not need to care or worry about anything, and I think people dismiss from their minds to live together in peace because people tend to place a special emphasis more on the articles than on other people. As we start living in the hedonistic and materialistic culture, we have lost the value of the moral sense. Even now, it is worth to read and study a eighteenth century book, like Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, because it reminds us of the moral standards dismissed from todays our lives. I think many people who make a success of life today are influences by the eighteenth century books. Recently I have read the books about empirical and successful philosophy, such as Andrew Carnegie and Napoleon Hill. What they said in a book is really similar to what the eighteenth century books said. Both book claim that the moral standard is necessary to make a success of life or to obtain happiness in the course of life. Although many people want to make a success of life or obtain happiness, they tend not to practice the moral standards of old fashioned values. In the hedonistic and materialistic culture, our societies have been brimming over with insincere attitude, falsehood, hatred, envy, and jealousy. This is a reason why the moral sense of old fashioned values has been lost in our societies. However, anybody can change oneself or ones mind; I think the eighteen century books were written about the moral sense because of the Enlightenment. Especially, the Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin has inf...
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Lewis Acid-Base Reaction Definition and Examples
Lewis Acids A Lewis acid-base reaction is a chemical reaction that forms at least one covalent bond between an electron pair donor (Lewis base) and an electron pair acceptor (Lewis acid). The general form of a Lewis acid-base reaction is: A B- → A-B where A is an electron acceptor or Lewis acid, B- is an electron donor or Lewis base, and A-B is a coordinate covalent compound. Significance of Lewis Acid-Base Reactions Most of the time, chemists apply the Brà ¸nsted acid-base theory (Brà ¸nsted-Lowry) in which acids act as proton donors and bases are proton acceptors. While this works well for many chemical reactions, it doesnt always work, particularly when applied to reactions involving gases and solids. The Lewis theory focuses on electrons rather than proton transfer, allowing for prediction of many more acid-base reactions. Example Lewis Acid-Base Reaction While Brà ¸nsted theory cannot explain the formation of complex ions with a central metal ion, Lewis acid-base theory sees the metal as the Lewis Acid and the ligand of the coordination compound as a Lewis Base. Al3 6H2O â‡Å' [Al(H2O)6]3 The aluminum metal ion has an unfilled valence shell, so it acts as an electron acceptor or Lewis acid. Water has lone pair electrons, so it can donate electrons to serve as the anion or Lewis base.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Network and Internet Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1
Network and Internet Security - Essay Example On the other hand, the single key encryption only uses a single secret key for both encryption and decryption of messages. A hybrid of the two that is single key and public key encryption is what the modern encryption model entails to help establish reliable secure sessions. According to De & Yung (2006, 127), session keys help enhance security of a system in cases where two parties have an encrypted connections to third party. By use of these session keys, the third party can deliver keys the other two parties on the encrypted links. Session keys are established by use of Diffie-Hellman key exchange which enables the secret exchange of keys between two users on a communication channel by the use of exchange algorithms. This way of key generation does not required the presence of a central authentication server or any key distribution center. These two users maintain a secured encrypted message through a partial share of information. Some data is privately stored while some is publicly given for the other party to use. Using exchange algorithms, the two parties can use the publicly aired data to encrypt hidden messages from senders on a crowded communication channel (De & Yung 2006, 127). User 1 computes the key using the public data given by user 2 and viceviser. Both calculations will eventually yield similar results indicating a common interpretation. Kerberos V4 uses session keys to help maintain a secured communication protocol (Bao, Deng & Zhou 2004, 30). Kerberos v4 are useful in verifying users at work places who would wish to access services within a network. Session keys use in Kerberos would restrict access only to identified and authorized users and would accurately authenticate requests for uses. These authentication procedures make the use of session keys become very relevant in Kerberos. It will be almost impossible for another side user to communicate with the server since the given session key is
Friday, October 18, 2019
Modern Korean History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Modern Korean History - Essay Example This made them to evolve into sharply contrasting societies; with South Korea becoming one of the countable postcolonial developing countries to enter into the world's first rank. This so happened even in the event that the start was seemingly unpromising. On the other hand, North Korea became among the world's most known isolated and totalitarian societies. It could only be described as a nuclear power with a population which was not only impoverished, but also famine-stricken.2 Notwithstanding the above division, the Koreans had for a lengthy period of time lived in social classes. These classes included the king together with the ruling class, the peasants and the landlords. The reasons as to why this society is being painted as inward looking can be better understood form the peasant war. In 1984, the peasant war occurred and this uproar was geared towards doing away with the anti-imperialistic and anti-feudal phenomenon and in their place birth a modern state. This war has so re sulted from two principal issues: the invasion of imperialism and the failure of the feudal system.3 Notably, the Korean medieval society was uniquely characterized by an integration of a centralized power system and an economic system which was based on the concept of the landlord. This special feature furthers that explanation of the Korean society as an inward-looking society. Ordinarily, the central figure in their centralized power system, known as the king, had bureaucratized the aristocracy and the yangban via the examination of the civil service and their subsequent inclusion in the compacted system. Both the nobility and the yangban received economic gain in terms of slaves and land. This benefited them in that, their profits were certain. Nevertheless, this representative economic gain was a threat to the prevalent system of power. Moreover, the king together with his nobility and the yangban has assumed control over the owner- and tenant farmers- who were referred to as t he ruled class. But the reality of the matter is that this relationship was solely was clearly manifested in rent and taxes, that is, a tax relationship existed between the peasants and the state, while on the other hand, a rent relationship existed between the landlords and the tenants. It is crystal clear that the significance of these two kinds of relationships was secondary.4 This, therefore, meant that the only thing that could be done on the feudal problem was its revelation in the landlord-tenant rapport. Similarly, feudal conflicts were present in the state-peasant relationship since the king, the nobility and the yangban were the members of the landlord class while owner and tenant farmers formed the class of the peasants. Tax was the basis on which the state-peasant rapport was rooted. Moreover, the power of the landlord was boosted following the institution of the land tax. This move led to the concealment of the state-peasant in the landlord-tenant rapport thus making th e latter conflict more and more prominent.5 The peasant wars held had destroyed numerous tax records in government offices. Moreover, a number of rich peasants were attacked. During the uprisings, the peasants came to the full knowledge that the conflicts were as a result of land inequality. This made them attack the local gentry and large landlords making land issue to be their
Childhood life in Swizterland Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Childhood life in Swizterland - Research Paper Example When students complete their primary school they are assumed to have completed their first portion of their education in different types of grade one school. These schools emphasize on occupational or academic subjects to different degrees. There are then the grade two schools which are not obligatory for students to attend. They include trade and gymnasium schools, which act as opening doors for students to the university. Despite the challenges faced by Swiss government, it has tried to provide standard life for its citizens. Private schools in Switzerland are mostly found in the French speaking cantons. These schools provide quality education, and they offer various academic opportunities. Most of the children in Switzerland complete their primary education and this account for about 98%. There are about 10 universities that are managed by the cantons in Switzerland (Colombo, 2006). Four of the universities are located in areas speaking French, and four are located in the area speaking German. The universities in Switzerland are funded by the cantons as the confederation contributing about 53%. One- third of the contribution in higher education is directed to research and some to development. Research has shown that 49% of adult have tertiary education where the enrollment of men is about 53% while that of women is about 44%. The literacy rate of men and women is approximately 99%. Swiss is well known for the high standard of education that it offers, and it is funded by the public. Switzerland concentr ates on improving its education system because it has few natural resources for improving their economy and a country as a whole (Hug). It is because of this reason that makes many people continue studying even after they have completed their compulsory education. People prefer to take more that one course after finishing their compulsory education as this make them become diverse. It is very unfortunate for the education system because it
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Follow-up Questions for 2nd Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Follow-up Questions for 2nd Writing - Assignment Example oved from Montgomery to Hampton to look for green pastures and mostly because park had disagreements with King and other heads of the civil rights movement. Parks got a new job in Hampton as a hostess in a hotel and after a short while they moved again to Michigan (Parks and Reed 2006, 44). Until in 1965, Park labored as a seamstress when the American-African diplomat for U.S, J.Conyers employed her as a secretary. In 1970, Parks experienced the worst of her live when illness struck her, her husband, brother and mother causing her to admit donations from well-wishers (Weidt 2003, 76). Later on Parks was involved in a fall accident while she was walking on an icy sidewalk and she was hospitalized with broken bones. It was a big blow when she lost her family members within a short span of time (Weidt 2003, 81). In 1980 she devoted herself to founding and raising finances for communal rights and learning associations. In 1992 she published her autography named Rosa Park-my story which was aiming the youthful generation and there after her memoir-Quiet Strength and points out the significance role her faith played in her life (Weidt 2003, 84). In 1994, she was attacked by a drug addict an ordeal that traumatized her for long. She made her last appearance on the film in 1999 after participating in a movie called Touched by an Angel (Weidt 2003, 91). In 2000 her health deteriorated and was almost evicted from her apartment when a Baptist church came to her rescue due to high accumulation of rent debts (Weidt 2003, 91). She was honored and received many awards due to her achievements and later died on October
Harrod-domar Model for Development Research Paper
Harrod-domar Model for Development - Research Paper Example This study declares that growth is a narrower concept than development. The latter implies there is an increase in the quantity or value of the goods and services as a result of the productivity of the resources available in the economy while the former implies an increase in living standards, improvement in self-esteem needs and freedom from oppression as well as a greater choice available for the people. As growth is felt and seen in the rise in GDP of a country, development happens in the living conditions of its people through the improved access to the economic needs like education, health and recreation. Economic growth is very important but not an adequate condition for an economy to have a progressive development. The increase in the real Gross Domestic Product brought about by the growth in the economy should result to a progressive change or development which can be seen in the structural changes like an increase in numbers of infrastructures in the economy. These additiona l infrastructures may be in form of factory buildings or facilities imply additional investments. Additional investments may also mean more economic opportunities available for the people residing near where the investment was made.According to the discussion economists proposed theories to explain the importance of economic growth to development and vice versa and tried to emphasize particular patterns that each economy must pursue to attain development. II. Research Problem This paper is about one of the commonly used economic theories in relating growth and development in an economy, the Harrod-Domar Growth Theory. Specifically, this paper will present the development of Harrod-Domar Theory and the economists behind its development. Several factors that linked economic growth to economic development will also be tackled in this paper to establish the applicability of the theory. Possible effects associated with the theory will also be examined to find out if it has its significan ce or implication to the development of an economy. III. Research Objective This paper seeks to establish a deeper understanding of the Harrod-Domar Growth Theory by answering the research problem. This is important in order to explain how economies may or may not develop and how may the growth barriers be identified and overcome in the future. After relating the theory’s significance to the economic condition, it aims to form suggestions which are believed to be appropriate in the formulation of different development policies. IV. Literature Review The theory of economic growth asks what factors determine the full- employment growth rate of output overtime. It is important to study growth theory because it both helps explain growth rates and development and why per capita income level differs among countries. This part will present a brief review of the factors significant or related to economic growth.Â
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Follow-up Questions for 2nd Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Follow-up Questions for 2nd Writing - Assignment Example oved from Montgomery to Hampton to look for green pastures and mostly because park had disagreements with King and other heads of the civil rights movement. Parks got a new job in Hampton as a hostess in a hotel and after a short while they moved again to Michigan (Parks and Reed 2006, 44). Until in 1965, Park labored as a seamstress when the American-African diplomat for U.S, J.Conyers employed her as a secretary. In 1970, Parks experienced the worst of her live when illness struck her, her husband, brother and mother causing her to admit donations from well-wishers (Weidt 2003, 76). Later on Parks was involved in a fall accident while she was walking on an icy sidewalk and she was hospitalized with broken bones. It was a big blow when she lost her family members within a short span of time (Weidt 2003, 81). In 1980 she devoted herself to founding and raising finances for communal rights and learning associations. In 1992 she published her autography named Rosa Park-my story which was aiming the youthful generation and there after her memoir-Quiet Strength and points out the significance role her faith played in her life (Weidt 2003, 84). In 1994, she was attacked by a drug addict an ordeal that traumatized her for long. She made her last appearance on the film in 1999 after participating in a movie called Touched by an Angel (Weidt 2003, 91). In 2000 her health deteriorated and was almost evicted from her apartment when a Baptist church came to her rescue due to high accumulation of rent debts (Weidt 2003, 91). She was honored and received many awards due to her achievements and later died on October
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
What's the effects of obesity (debating) Research Paper
What's the effects of obesity (debating) - Research Paper Example The effects of obesity are not limited to the affected persons but affect the entire country as a whole. On an individual level, obesity has several health implications. First, Diabetes has been found to contribute to the occurrence of diabetes Mellitus. It is argued that since obesity affects the distribution of body fat, this has an effect on the metabolism of glucose. This leads to the body developing a resistance towards obesity. Secondly, obesity has been observed to cause cardiovascular problems. With the increase in body fat and tissue, the oxygen demands of the body increase. This leads to high cardiac output which in turn leads to changes in the structure of the heart to cope with the increase demand. This causes a sharp increase in blood pressure. In addition, congestive heart failure (CHF) is also caused by obesity (National Institutes of Health, 16). Thirdly, persons suffering from obesity have been observed to have sleep-breathing difficulties. It is argued that the incr ease in the amount of fat on the chest wall as well as the abdomen has a great impact on the functioning of the chest and diaphragm, thereby affecting the mechanisms of breathing. Fifth, a number of studies have shown that there is a strong link between obesity and colon and breast cancers. Diabetes has been found to cause colon cancer in men but less in women while at the causing breast cancer in women. Finally, on an economic scale, obesity has been found to have great economic effects. Specifically, the costs associated with treating diabetes and resulting complications are very high. For example, according to the National Institutes of Health (1995), the direct and indirect medical costs associated with obesity in America in 1995 were estimated to be $99.2 billion and $47.6 billion respectively. In addition, the costs associated with loss of productive
Sports Facility Improvement Essay Example for Free
Sports Facility Improvement Essay The need for a clear and prioritised framework for future investment in sports facility provision is particularly critical given the likely need for additional provision as a result of population growth in the District, and specifically in the St Neots area, and the need for ongoing investment in the existing infrastructure. Given the nature of the District, which is a combination of the four main towns of Huntingdon, Ramsey, St Neots and St Ives, smaller villages and more rural areas there is also a need to ensure that sports facilities are accessible throughout the District. The development of the sports facilities strategy also provides the opportunity to assess the condition of existing provision, and whether it is appropriate to meet local needs and demand and to ensure that potential new provision helps to address any current deficiencies – quantitative or qualitative. In addition, there is a need to ensure that the appropriate quantity and quality of facilities are provided to facilitate increased participation (Government agenda), and improve the health of the local community. There are two main factors which are particularly relevant to the future provision of sports facilities; these are the future implementation of the Building Schools for the Future Programme (BSF) in the District, and the significant area of population growth around St Neots. This strategy will be used to guide and inform the nature and extent of resources, financial and operational, which are needed to ensure that Huntingdonshire has up to date, fit for purpose, accessible and welcoming sports facilities for the existing community, people working in, or visiting the District, and any new residents in the District. The Sports Facilities Strategy for Huntingdonshire ‘fits’ within the strategic framework for planning for future provision as follows: Creating Active Places (Regional Framework) Cambridgeshire County Sports Facilities Strategy (County Framework) Huntingdonshire Sports Facilities Strategy (local priorities responding to local needs and issues) Strategy Scope The focus of this strategy is indoor sports facilities (swimming pools, sports halls, health and fitness facilities, indoor bowls), and Artificial Turf Pitches (ATPs). The Strategy considers existing and planned facilities incorporating: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Local authority leisure centres Voluntary sector sports clubs Private sector facilities Secondary schools that will be re-built or re-furbished under PFI or the Building Schools for the Future (BSF) programme It is important to stress that this strategy focuses on community sports facility provision and the needs for provision both now and into the future. The District also has a significant sporting infrastructure which includes provision for activities such as golf, sailing etc, and a large number of individual sports clubs. These are very important to facilitate increased participation, and encourage people to become involved in activity on a regular basis. Strategy Drivers The key drivers for the Strategy are: †¢ †¢ The need to plan strategically and ensure sustainability of future provision The Local Development Framework (LDF), and Supplementary Planning Documents setting out expectations for S106 contributions from developers towards current and future sports facility provision i Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The priorities and objectives for the Sustainable Community Strategy The need to identify what provision is needed in St Neots given the significant population increases planned for this area of the District The need to identify how best to provide for those living in rural areas, where accessibility to sports facilities is more limited The need to increase participation at local level Opportunities for partnerships – Building Schools for the Future (BSF) Schools, National Governing Bodies (NGBs), Sports Clubs etc. N. B The feedback from NGBs reflects that gained in the development of ‘Creating Active Places’ and the Cambridgeshire County Strategy. This approach to the future strategic planning of sports facilities will continue to be important for the District given a number of significant factors at local level, such as: PARTICIPATION LEVELS †¢ The current high levels of participation in sport and physical activity in the District over 50% of all Huntingdonshire residents aged 16+ participate in physical activity (participation is higher in Huntingdonshire than in England) †¢ The Hinchingbrooke School Sports Partnership is now established, and working towards the targets set for the provision of 2 hours of PE for children under 16 plus 2/3 hours of participation in after school sports and physical activity HEALTH CHALLENGES †¢ Relatively high incidences of cancer †¢ Growing incidence of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) †¢ Relatively high numbers of people smoking (1 in 5) †¢ The rate of admissions to hospital with alcohol specific conditions is less than the England average †¢ The need to ensure that obesity, especially amongst young people, reduces †¢ The opportunity to harness the social aspects of sport and physical activity to address issues f social isolation †¢ The opportunity for active participation to contribute to maintaining higher life expectancy for the District’s population than the England average PLANNING ISSUES †¢ The need to ensure investment in future provision of sports facilities, and the potential to achieve this through identification of priorities which inform the Local Development Framework (LDF) POPULATION GROWTH †¢ Significant growth in population in and around St Neots, to the south of the District †¢ The need to develop Local Standards of provision to inform and guide future S106 contributions from developers District Profile Hunti ngdonshire is a rural area with four main settlements. Although no more than 12 miles apart in terms of distance, the nature of the district means that accessibility to community provision, including sports facilities, is a challenge. Current sports facility provision is situated in each of the main settlements to overcome this issue. There is a need to consider how those living in the rural areas can best be provided with participative opportunities. Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The District is relatively affluent, but has small pockets of deprivation. There are high levels of employment and average wages are higher than other parts of the county, although some younger people lack formal qualifications. Life expectancy is high, and compared to some of the other more rural and urban areas, there are fewer serious health issues, with the exception of a growing incidence of CHD, and relatively high rates of cancer, experienced by the population. The District has a large younger population, and a high proportion of 30-44 year olds; this profile is important for sports provision, as individuals tend to be more active when younger. Based on the Active People Survey (Sport England December 2006), adult (ie those aged over 16 years) participation rates in sport and physical activity are higher than the rates at national level. The level of participation relates to taking part in 30 minutes of physical activity at least 3 times a week. Sports facility provision in the District is well thought of (comment in Huntingdonshire Cultural Strategy 2007), but there is a continuing need for capital investment just to maintain the Council’s existing five leisure centres. There are potential partnership opportunities for new provision through the education sector, and also linked to the growth agenda. Current and Future Demand Supply and Demand Analysis It is important to stress that this assessment is based on national models which identify the level of provision needed for a current and future level of population ie what level and type of sports facility provision is needed to provide adequately for a specific number of people. To make this more relevant at local level, the modeling then identifies the actual level of accessible sports facility provision ie that which is available on a pay and play basis; this highlights the fact that there are built facilities in the District that are not fully accessible for community use. This situation, which is common across the UK would suggest that the way forward is about a combination of opening up existing sports facilities to ensure there is greater community access, and developing new facilities where appropriate, but particularly to address the District’s growth agenda eg in the St Neot’s area. Current Demand Table 1 Supply and Demand Analysis 2008 Facility Type Swimming Pools Sports Halls (4 badminton court size) Required Level of Supply (based on 2007 population of 168,200 (2004 based population Government Actuary Department data, published October 2007) 1756. 67 sq m Current Level of Provision Current Level of Accessible Provision (based on accessibility for pay and play usage) 688 sq m Surplus (+)/Deficit (_) of accessible provision (based on 212 sq m being 1 x 4 lane x 25m pool) -1068. 67 sq m (equivalent to 5. 1 x 4 lane x 25m pools) 32. 3 (equivalent to 8 x 4 badminton court sports halls) N. B 3 court halls at Sawtry and Ramsey Leisure Centres not included in above figure) 223 stations +5 -3 938 sq m (of 25m x 4 lane pools and above) 35 courts (4 badminton court halls and above) 48. 26 badminton courts 16 badminton courts (4 + courts) Fitness Stations Indoor Bowls All weather turf pitches (ATPs) 433 stations (based on 12% participation rate (FIA)) 9. 28 rinks 7 (based on 1 ATP :25,000 population) 561 14 rinks 4 210 stations 14 4 Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Impact of Increased Population and Participation Table 1 above illustrates the current supply and demand analysis for Huntingdonshire. In terms of strategic planning for future provision of sports facilities, it is important to consider the impact of both an increased population, and increased participation (modeled at a 13 %overall increase, ie ! % per annum, over the life of the strategy). Table 2 overleaf models the impact of both increased population and increased participation on demand for facility provision. Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Table 2 Increased Population (to 2021) and Participation Impact Facility Type Required Level of Supply by 2021 (based on 2021 population of 188,400 (2004 based population Government Actuary Department data, published October 2007)) 2,066. 02 sq m (9. 7 x 4 lane x 25m pools (212 sq m)) 56. 5 badminton courts (14. 1 x 4 badminton court sports halls) 678 stations 10. 4 8 Current Level of Provision (2007) Current Level of Accessible Provision (based on accessibility for pay and play usage) 688 sq m (of 25m x 4 lane pools and above) 16 badminton courts (4 + courts) Impact of 13 % increase in Participation over the life of the strategy i. e. to 2021, (based on 2007 population) in terms of facility requirements 2,211. 63 sq m (10. 43 x 4 lane x 25m pools (212 sq m)) 60. 75 badminton courts (equivalent to 15. 2 sports halls of 4 badminton court size) 468 (based on a 0. 5% increase year on year, which is the current trend) +4 rinks 7. 7 Swimming Pools Sports Halls (4 badminton court size) Fitness Stations Indoor Bowls ATPs 938 sq m (of 25m x 4 lane pools and above) 35 courts (4 badminton court halls and above) 561 14 rinks 4 210 stations 14 4 Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Analysis of Supply and Demand Swimming Pools It is clear that in relation to current demand for sports facilities, there is an existing deficiency in provision of swimming pools, sports halls, fitness stations, and ATPs when supply and demand modeling is based on accessibility of facilities. However, the overall deficit in terms of current ie 2008 swimming pool provision (-1,068. 67 sq m/5. x 4 lane x 25m pools) is not actually a true reflection of the existing swimming provision in Huntingdonshire District, given that 2 of the main public pools are excluded from the SFC modelling on the basis that they are not 25m in length. The pools at Sawtry Leisure Centre and Ramsey Leisure C entres are only 20m in length. In addition, the learner pool at St Neots Leisure Centre is only 20m long. The impact of including this water space in the supply and demand assessment reduces the deficit to 578. 67 sq m (2. 7 4 lane x 25m pools) in 2008, and 858. 19 sq m (4. 1 4 lane x 25m pools) by 2021. Despite the fact that the three pools above are less than 20m in length, they provide very important and well-used facilities for the local community, and therefore should be adequately reflected in assessing current supply of swimming pools. The reduction in deficit is also important as this facilitates consideration of the extensive commercial pool provision in the District, which, while not being accessible to many of the population because there is a requirement to pay a membership fee, quite obviously does provide for a percentage of the local community, who can, or who choose to, afford this membership fee. Therefore in relation to the current level of provision, it is considered that the deficit of 5. 1 4 lane x 25m pools (which equates to 2. 5 8 lane x 25m pools) is adequately addressed by other local provision of water space. This is through the commercial facilities, and also swimming pools at three other local schools – Godmanchester, Hinchingbrooke, and Kimbolton. It is also important to stress that the existing HDC pools do not currently operate at full capacity; this is due to a number of factors including accessibility, quality and condition. Whilst dual-use facilities provide significant potential for effective operational management because they are used for both curriculum delivery and community use, access is restricted during the day to the community. This means that potential users may choose to access other provision they know is open, or they may not swim at all. A further factor is that dual-use facilities have intensive use because they are used for curriculum delivery and community use and therefore over time this can impact on their quality and condition. Although there are significant pockets of deprivation in the District, Huntingdonshire is a relatively affluent area which is reflected by the level of commercial sports facility provision in the towns; given the possible perceived accessibility issues with HDC facilities local residents may be choosing to swim at these facilities, or elsewhere, rather than in HDC facilities. Having examined the possible reasons for the fact that HDC swimming pools do not currently operate at full capacity, it is critical to stress that this current position does not provide a reason not to provide the level of water space required in the District in the future. In terms of future deficits in water space, it is predominantly the growth in population, and specifically that around the St Neots area, that increases demand, and therefore demonstrates a deficit. If the same argument is applied as above, the actual deficit in future supply of water space is (6. 5 4 lane x 25m pool – 5. 1 4 lane x 25m pool), which equates to 1. 4 of a 4 lane x 25m pool. On this basis, it is suggested that there will be a need to provide 1 additional 6 lane x 25m pool, possibly on the site of the new secondary school to be developed in St Neots, to cater for the growth in population. It is important to state that the supply and demand modelling above is based on a level of supply to provide for a number of people; whilst adult participation rates are high in the District existing pools are ot always full to capacity, which indicates that people take part in a range of activities other than swimming. However, the assessment of supply and demand clearly shows t hat pay and play accessibility is an issue in relation to quality water space in the District, and this is likely to be exacerbated by the growth in population. Demand for swimming will increase, and there will be a need for additional provision in St Neots by 2021. Given the specific location of the majority of the District’s future growth ie east of the railway line in St Neot’s, there is potential to consider the provision of a new swimming pool alongside other community facilities. Given the scale of the residential development, it is likely that there will be a new secondary school in this area and co-location (not dual-use) of a swimming facility on the same site may provide a practical option for future provision. Co-location is suggested to address some of the previously identified factors associated with accessibility to dual-use provision. Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sports Halls There is almost sufficient actual sports hall in the District at the present time; the issue is that all existing facilities are not available on a pay and play basis (only 16 of the total existing 49 courts (all courts in the District) are available for pay and play access). Opening up community pay and play access at existing facilities is a priority, before any additional facilities are built. In 2008, there would be no deficit in sports hall provision if if accessibility is improved at those facilities where community access is currently limited, and all existing courts were available for pay and play access.. By 2021, this sufficiency has decreased to 7. 75 courts ie nearly 2 x 4 badminton court sports hall, if it is again assumed that existing hall accessibility is improved, and all courts in the District are accessible for pay and play usage. The provision of two additional sports halls, one, potentially at St Neots, would be required to address this deficit. Given the comments from the clubs in relation to ccessing existing public sports hall provision, and the existing deficit in accessible provision, there is a need to retain existing levels of sports hall in the District, and indeed seek to open up additional facilities. The proposals to extend fitness suites at Huntingdon and St Neots Leisure Centres will actually reduce existing accessible pay and play sports hall provision, and therefore increase the identified deficit moving forward. Health and Fitness In terms of fitness stations, there are currently sufficient fitness stations in the District, across all providers to meet community demand; the same is true by 2021. It is the accessibility to this provision that is the critical issue, given that a significant level of existing facilities is operated commercially. However, there are also public facilities operated by HDC and other facilities available on Kimbolton and Hinchingbrooke Schools; the challenge is to ensure that these facilities operate pricing policies which are inclusive, whilst reflecting the need to levy a membership fee to facilitate health and safety controls in terms of access. Only members who have passed an induction are allowed to use fitness facilities. Indoor Bowls There is sufficient current supply of indoor bowls rinks to meet both current and future need (to 2021). Current provision is located centrally in Huntingdon and in St Neots and is within 20-30 minutes drivetime of the rest of the District. ATPs There is a need to provide additional ATPs to meet both current and future demand. additional facilities are required in the District now, which should be full size, floodlit, and be either sand based (principally for hockey, given that there is a general lack of such surfaces on the outskirts of Cambridge, which means the City is inundated with demand for hockey, which it currently struggles to accommodate), or if demand for additional football can be demonstrated, 3G. By 2021 there is a need for 4 additional ATP facilities. Given that there are three planned developments of new ATP facilities in the next 12 months in the District, in reality there will be a deficit of just one ATP by 2021. In developing new ATP provision, it will be important to address the current spatial deficiencies of this type of facility in the north of the District. The implementation of BSF may provide the opportunity to address this deficit in eg Sawtry. Key Issues and Challenges Based on the analysis of current provision, and the district context, there are a number of emerging key issues and challenges to be considered in developing the Huntingdonshire Sports Facilities Strategy. These include: †¢ †¢ Current deficits in provision, which will only increase as the local population increases; increasing participation will also have an impact on the demand for supply of swimming, sports hall and fitness station provision which is already insufficient, due to both quantitative and accessibility deficiencies. Facility condition ongoing investment in the existing HDC facilities to maintain and improve provision. Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Facility Design – the design of some existing facilities could be improved to meet the needs of the local population, and specifically the needs of users with a disability. It is also important to consider alternative forms of provision, or perhaps less traditional type facilities, particularly to appeal to younger participants, where participation rates are lower in the District. Population Growth – this rapid growth over the next few years will increase the demand levels for sports facilities, particularly in and around St Neots. Drive to increase participation given the current Government targets for increasing participation in sport and physical activity, and the existing high activity rates in the District, the continued provision of accessible, fit for purpose and quality sports facilities is a clear priority for HDC and its stakeholder partners Increasing Participation amongst Younger People ie 16-34 years – given that this group has low levels of active participation in sport and physical activity, it is important to ensure that future provision reflects, and responds to, their needs Accessibility eg school facilities, daytime pools, sports halls; it is outside the control of HDC to open up school sites for community use. This approach needs to be undertaken in partnership with the County Council. Commercial sector provision – there is a significant level of commercial health and fitness provision in the District, some of which is of a better quality than the public sector facilities, however, it is not always accessible to those more deprived communities due to the cost of membership fees Strategic Recommendations Based on the analysis and findings of the sports facility strategy, the following recommendations are made in terms of future sports facility provision in the District: Recommendation 1 The priorities for future sports facility provision are accepted as: Current Needs †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The theoretical deficiency in accessible water space; this can be addressed by increasing access to existing pool facilities on education sites and those operated commercially The deficiency in accessible sports hall provision; this could be addressed by opening up and extending community pay and play access to existing facilities, predominantly on school sites. The future implementation of BSF may also be an important factor in this in the future. The need to retain, not lose existing sports hall space operated through the public sector. The need to ensure fitness provision is accessible ie affordable, through appropriate partnerships with the commercial sector, pricing and programming policies The provision of additional ATPs (3 planned) and specifically the deficit of this type of facility in the north of the District. Future Needs †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The theoretical deficiency in accessible water space; this can be addressed by increasing access to existing pool facilities on education sites and those operated commercially The deficiency in accessible sports hall provision; this could be addressed by opening up and extending community pay and play access to existing facilities, predominantly on school sites. The future implementation of BSF may also be an important factor in this in the future. The need to ensure fitness provision is accessible ie affordable, through appropriate partnerships with the commercial sector, pricing and programming policies The provision of 1 additional ATP and specifically the deficit of this type of facility in the north of the District. The need for 1 additional swimming pool in the St Neots area as a result of significant population growth. Facility condition ongoing investment in the existing HDC facilities to maintain and improve provision. Facility Design – the design of some existing facilities could be improved to meet the needs of the local population, and specifically the needs of disability users. Population Growth – this rapid growth over the next few years will increase the demand levels for sports facilities, particularly in and around St Neots. There are a number of options to consider in addressing the need for new sports facilities in St Neots including their co-location with other community provision eg a new secondary school. viii Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY †¢ †¢ †¢ Drive to increase participation given the current Government targets for increasing participation in sport and physical activity, and the existing high inactivity rates in the District, the continued provision of accessible, fit for purpose and quality sports facilities is a clear priority for HDC and its stakeholder partners Accessibility eg school facilities, daytime pools, sports halls Commercial sector provision – there is a significant level of commercial health and fitness provision in the District, some of which is of a better quality than the public sector facilities, however, it is not always accessible to those more deprived communities due to cost Recommendation 2 Increasing Access Given that there are actually sufficient sports hall facilities in the District to meet demand, but they are not all accessible, the option of negotiating increased community access should also be considered as a priority. Recommendation 3 BSF Given the identified deficiencies in pay and play accessible sports facility provision across the District it is recommended that opportunities for partnership with BSF, FE/HE and other strategic partners are supported by HDC to maximise participation opportunities for the Huntingdonshire community. The opportunities through BSF are particularly important for the north of the District. Recommendation 4 Local Standards The following Local Standards for future core community sports facility provision are adopted by HDC: Quantity Table 3 Local Standards of Provision FACILITY TYPE Sports Hall (4 badminton Court) Swimming Pool (4 lane x 25m) Fitness Stations(20+ gym) Indoor Bowls ATPs Local Standards of Provision per 1000 population 51. 20 sq m 10. 96 sq m 3. 6 stations 0. 05 rink 0. 04 ATPs (based on 1 pitch (100m x 64m per 25,000 population) Quality The future standard of provision for new facilities should be: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The sports facilities are to be designed to a minimum playing standard of ‘fit for purpose’ depending on the terminology of the various national governing sporting bodies and Sport England Guidance. External elevations to utilise high quality, low maintenance finishes, and be sympathetic to the surrounding environment. Finishes being robust and suitable for location and use. Building fabric and services to be cost effective with low maintenance. First major maintenance to structure to be 50 years. Life expectancy of materials used to external elevations to be 25 years minimum (excluding routine maintenance). Sustainable, being responsible to environmental issues in terms of the use of energy and non-sustainable resources and the control of pollution. Use of environmentally friendly and sustainable building services and building materials to be maximised. Materials to be recyclable where possible. Services to be essentially economic and environmentally friendly, which allow cost in use to be minimised. The use of natural ventilation to be maximised. Full life cycle cost analysis will be required when considering the building fabric and services Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Accessibility †¢ New sports facility provision should be located within a 20 minute walk time of its immediate catchment area, and where possible, should be linked to existing community provision eg education site All sports facility provision should be within a 20 minute drive time of its surrounding catchment area, and where possible and appropriate, depending on the nature of provision, should be located adjacent to other community provision, to facilitate access and reduce the overall need for travel around the District Recommendation 5 Retention of Sports Hall Space Given the lack of accessible sports hall provision in the District, it is recommended that careful consideration be given to reducing the available pay and play space further, unless other arrangements are made to increase access at other existing facilities. Recommendation 6 Partnership It is recommended that HDC seek to work in partnership wherever possible to address the identified deficiencies in sports facility provision. Key partners at local level will be education, local sports clubs, health services, NGBs and programmes such as BSF. This approach reflects HDC’s role as an enabler at local level. Recommendation 7 St Neots Area The opportunities and options for delivering new sports facilities in the growth area around St Neots need to be carefully considered, to ensure new facilities complement and do not compete with, existing HDC provision. HDC should seek to work in partnership, particularly with education, in the development of new sports facilities to facilitate co-located provision at the heart of the new community. Funding options to deliver the new facilities include growth area funding, S106, HDC capital, a private sector partnership and potentially external grant support. Recommendation 8 Participation in Sport and Physical Activity The provision of opportunities for participation in sport and physical activity across the District should be supported as a key priority given its potential to contribute positively to improved health, reduced obesity and social inclusion. Given the increasing issue of CHD, youth obesity, and the high level of smoking in the District, the role that active participation can play in improving health is critical. Appropriate resources should continue to be made available to improve awareness of provision, increase accessibility and deliver sport development programmes to increase and retain participation. Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 x SECTION I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Introduction 1. Strategic Leisure Limited (Strategic Leisure) was appointed by Sport England East in June 07 to develop a County Sports Facility Strategy for Cambridgeshire, covering Peterborough City Cou ncil, Huntingdonshire District (parts of) and Fenland District. SLL was asked to develop this work given the research and analysis undertaken to prepare the regional Sports Facilities Strategy (‘Creating Active Places’), which has informed this strategy. This draft strategy covers the analysis and findings relating to Huntingdonshire District sports facility provision. This strategy will be incorporated into the final County Sports Facility Strategy, together with the analysis for Peterborough and Fenland, and the update of the Cambridgeshire Horizons Report (2006) (Major Sports Facilities Strategy). 1. 2 1. 3 Rationale for the Huntingdonshire Sports Facilities Strategy 1. Huntingdonshire District Council (HDC) identified the need for a sports facility strategy to assist in guiding the future provision of a range of sports facilities in the District. The need for a clear and prioritised framework for future investment in sports facility provision is particularly critical given the likely need for additional provision as a result of population growth in the District, and specifically in the St Neots area, and the need for ongoing investment in the existing infrastructure. The development of the sports facilities strategy also provides the opportunity to assess the condition of existing provision, and whether it is appropriate to meet local needs and demand and to ensure that potential new provision helps to address any current deficiencies – quantitative or qualitative. In addition, there is a need to ensure that the appropriate quantity and quality of facilities are provided to facilitate increased participation (Government agenda), and improve the health of the local community. It is important to stress that this strategy focuses on community sports facility provision and the needs for provision both now and into the future. The District also has a significant sporting infrastructure which includes provision for activities such as golf, sailing etc, and a large number of individual sports clubs. These are very important to facilitate increased participation, and encourage people to become involved in activity on a regular basis. Given the nature of the District, which is a combination of the four main towns of Huntingdon, Ramsey, St Neots and St Ives, smaller villages and more rural areas there is also a need to ensure that sports facilities are accessible throughout the District. There are two main factors which are particularly relevant to the future provision of sports facilities; these are the future implementation of the Building Schools for the Future Programme (BSF) in the District, and the significant area of population growth around St Neots. This strategy will be used to guide and inform the nature and extent of resources, financial and operational, which are needed to ensure that Huntingdonshire has up to date, fit for purpose, accessible and welcoming sports facilities for the existing community, people working in, or visiting the District, and any new residents in the District. 1. 5 1. 1. 7 1. 8 1. 9 1. 10 Strategy Scope 1. 11 1. 12 The focus of this strategy is indoor sports facilities (swimmin g pools, sports halls, health and fitness facilities, indoor bowls), and Artificial Turf Pitches (ATPs). . The Strategy considers existing and planned facilities incorporating: †¢ †¢ †¢ Local authority leisure centres Voluntary sector sports clubs Private sector facilities Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 1 SECTION I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND †¢ Secondary schools that will be/are being re-built or re-furbished under PFI or the Building Schools for the Future (BSF) programme Strategy Drivers 1. 3 The key drivers for the Strategy are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The need to plan strategically and ensure sustainability of future provision The Local Development Framework (LDF), and Supplementary Planning Documents setting out expectations for S106 contributions from developers towards current and future sports facility provision The priorities and objectives for the Sustainable Community Strategy The need to identify what provision is needed in St Neots given the significant population increases planne d for this area of the District The need to identify how best to provide for those living in rural areas, where accessibility to sports facilities is more limited The need to increase participation at local level Opportunities for partnerships – Building Schools for the Future (BSF) Schools, National Governing Bodies (NGBs), Sports Clubs etc. N. B The feedback from NGBs reflects that gained in the development of ‘Creating Active Places’ and the Cambridgeshire County Strategy. 1. 4 This approach to the future strategic planning of sports facilities will continue to be important for the District given a number of significant factors at local level, such as: PARTICIPATION LEVELS †¢ The current high levels of participation in sport and physical activity in the District over 50% of all Huntingdonshire residents aged 16+ participate in physical activity (participation is higher in Huntingdonshire than in England) †¢ The Hinchingbrooke School Sports Partnership is now established, and worki ng towards the targets set for the provision of 2 hours of PE for children under 16 plus 2/3 hours of participation in after school sports and physical activity HEALTH CHALLENGES †¢ Relatively high incidences of cancer †¢ Growing incidence of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) †¢ Relatively high numbers of people smoking (1 in 5) †¢ The rate of admissions to hospital with alcohol specific conditions is less than the England average †¢ The need to ensure hat obesity, especially amongst young people, reduces †¢ The opportunity to harness the social aspects of sport and physical activity to address issues of social isolation †¢ The opportunity for active participation to contribute to maintaining higher life expectancy for the District’s population than the England average POPULATION GROWTH †¢ Significant growth in population in and around St Neots, to the south of the District Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 2 SECTION I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND PLANNING ISSUES †¢ The need to ensure investment in future provision of sports facilities, and the potential to achieve this through identification of priorities which inform the Local Development Framework (LDF) The need to develop Local Standards of provision to inform and guide future S106 contributions from developers Huntingdonshire District – A Profile 1. 15 Huntingdonshire is a rural area o f nearly 350 sq miles and is located within the County of Cambridgeshire. Historically it was a county in its own right. The population is around 168,200 with half living in the four market towns of Huntingdon (population 19,910), St Neots (population 26,230), St Ives (population 15,860) and Ramsey (population 6,070), with the remaining residents distributed within key settlements and rural villages. The District has two rivers running through it, the River Great Ouse through the market towns (except Ramsey) and the River Nene to the north. The Districts market towns and villages reflect the areas history associated with both Roman and Anglo Saxon settlements. The District has excellent transport links to the A1 and A14, which in turn links to the M1, M11, and M6. The District has a high level of out-commuting at around 35%. The council along with other districts, county council, EEDA and GO East is part of the local ‘infrastructure partnership’ to deliver the Government’s sustainable communities plan in the Cambridge sub region. Huntingdonshire’s current strategies look at addressing the negative effects of isolation ensuring that all residents, irrespective of their location, can access culture and cultural services. The majority of housing and economic growth has been, and will continue to be, located within the district’s largest towns of Huntingdon and St Neots, although HDC has also planned development in other market towns such as St Ives and Ramsey. 1. 16 1. 17 1. 18 1. 19 1. 20 Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 3 SECTION I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1. 21 The map below shows the District and its main population settlements: Summary 1. 22 Huntingdonshire is a rural area with four main settlements. Although no more than 12 miles apart in terms of distance, the nature of the district means that accessibility to community provision, including sports facilities, is a challenge. Current sports facility provision is situated in each of the main settlements to overcome this issue. There is a need to consider how those living in the rural areas can best be provided with participative opportunities. Sports facility provision in the District is well thought of (comment in Huntingdonshire Cultural Strategy 2007), but there is a continuing need for capital investment just to maintain the Council’s existing five leisure centres. There are potential partnership opportunities for new provision through the education sector, and also linked to the growth agenda. 4 1. 23 Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 SECTION II –STRATEGIC CONTEXT National Context 2. The national context which informs the overall need for a strategic approach to the future planning of sports facilities at local level is summarised in Table 1, Appendix 3; this demonstrates the Government priorities in relation to health, physical activity and increa sing participation. Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 5 SECTION II –STRATEGIC CONTEXT Local Context Review of Strategic Documents 2. 2 The local context for the development of the sports facility strategy is summarised below. Given the clear focus on improving health and overall quality of life in the District, there is potential for provision of sport and physical activity to play a key role in contributing to the achievement of these local objectives. Local Authority Huntingdonshire District Council Strategic Document Huntingdonshireâ€Å"Growing successCorporate Plan 2007/8†Vision / Main Aim(s): The Council’s Vision is for Huntingdonshire to become a place where future generations have a good quality of life and enjoy: †¢ Continued economic success †¢ Opportunities for all †¢ An environment that is protected and improved The Council’s aims for the community are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ A clean, green and attractive place Housing that meets the local need Safe, vibrant and inclusive communities Healthy living Access to services and transport A strong diverse economy Key Priorities Priorities stemming from these aims: Community: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Enable provision of affordable housing Achieve low level of homelessness Lower carbon emissions Improve access to Council services Promote healthy lifestyle choice Promote development opportu nities in and around market towns Enhance public, community and specialist transport into and around the market towns Other Relevant Info Council: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Make performance management more effective and transparent Re-balance saving and spending to ensure resources are available to achieve council priorities Reduce number of car journeys to work by employees Build new operations centre and headquarters Be an employer people want to work for. The Council’s Corporate Aims are: †¢ Improve systems and practices †¢ Learn and develop †¢ Maintain sound finances Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 6 SECTION II –STRATEGIC CONTEXT Local Authority Huntingdonshire District Council Strategic Document Open Space, Sport Recreation Needs Assessment Audit (August 2006) Vision / Main Aim(s): Section 7 – Outdoor Sports Key Priorities Overview of findings:†¢ Overall, the most common travel method for visiting outdoor sports facilities is walking (50. 1%), followed by car 38. 8%. The most frequent travel time to the facility was between five and ten minutes (37%), followed by between 11 and 14 minutes (29%). Consultation highlights that there is a relatively even distribution of outdoor sports facilities across the district, with a large proportion owned and managed by Parish Councils. The majority of use of the outdoor sports facilities within Huntingdonshire District is by formal clubs, and there is relatively little casual use of pitches. Provision of tennis and bowls within Huntingdonshire is predominately focused around the club structure, with most facilities in club ownership or leased to clubs. Consultation suggests that access to training facilities is a key issues, with only limited slots available at synthetic pitches for clubs wishing to train midweek. Other Relevant Info The Cambridge sub-region is the fastest growing area in the country. This significant increase in population will have far reaching consequences and will place demands on infrastructure and capacity of local services e. g. health services, transport and leisure facilities. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Section 8 – Playing Pitch Strategy The key areas of this part of the study included:†¢ Analysing the current level of pitch Overall, the research methods outlined identified 237 playing pitches in the District (all known public, private, school and other pitches). They compromise: †¢ 88 adult football pitches Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 7 SECTION II –STRATEGIC CONTEXT Local Authority Strategic Document Vision / Main Aim(s): provision within the District †¢ Assisting the Council in meeting playing pitch requirements †¢ Providing information for decision-making and future development proposals All calculations covered the following sports – association football, rugby, cricket, and hockey Key Priorities †¢ 54 junior football pitches †¢ 14 mini soccer pitches †¢ 43 cricket pitches †¢ 7 adult rugby pitches †¢ 7 junior rugby pitches †¢ 1 junior rugby league pitch †¢ 7 adult grass hockey pitches †¢ 19 synthetic turf pitches Research showed that Huntingdonshire has a good number of football, cricket and hockey pitches for formal adult use in comparison to the national average. Huntingdonshire Cultural Strategy 2007 2010 To enhance the quality of life and ensure that all of Huntingdonshire’s residents have the opportunity to pursue a wide range of highquality, sustainable cultural activities that fully reflect the diverse needs of the district THEME 1 Improve access to culture and leisure opportunities THEME 2 Develop and improve life-long learning THEME 3 Develop vibrant communities which are safer, healthier, cohesive and economically sustainable Other Relevant Info Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 8 SECTION II –STRATEGIC CONTEXT Local Demographic Profile 2. 2 A review of local demographics is important to: †¢ †¢ †¢ 2. 3 Assess whether local facilities, often built some time ago, are located in the right place in relation to key population settlements Identify where there is likely to be population growth and additional demand for facilities Review the local population profile to identify particular inequalities e. g. health within Huntingdonshire It is also important to consider the demographic make up of the District as key demographic and socio-economic characteristics are known to influence demand characteristics. For example certain age-groups are known to register higher participation rates in a number of sport and leisure activities; deprived communities often experience issues relating to access to services and opportunities; cultural backgrounds may result in some passive and active recreation pursuits being favoured over others; car ownership levels can impact on the range of facilities that can be accessed. A brief review of the key demographics (Source Census 2001 data) for the area shows that: Overall population: According to 2004 based population data (Government Actuary Department (GAD)) published in October 2007, the 2007 population for the District is 168,200, increasing to 188,400 by 2021. The GAD figures have been used as the basis for supply and demand modelling to inform the sports facilities strategy. The age structure of Huntingdonshire’s population is very similar to the averages for England in terms of the proportion of the population aged between 20 and 50 years. Huntingdonshire has a higher proportion of children, teenagers and adults aged 0-14, and 30-54 and a lower proportion of those aged 54 and over. 24. 4% of the population are aged between 30-44. Ethnicity. Huntingdonshire’s ethnic mix is the same as the national average with some 97% describing themselves as white. The next largest ethnic group (2. 8%) in Huntingdonshire is from black and minority ethnic groups (BME). Deprivation Indices. Huntingdonshire District is a predominantly prosperous area, benefiting from higher than average earnings, low unemployment and crime. However, the 2007 Indices of Deprivation show that of the 20% most deprived wards in Cambridgeshire, 11 are now in Huntingdonshire. These are Super Output Areas of which the most severe area of deprivation is Huntingdon North ward. The population density in Huntingdonshire is lower than the England average of 3. 87 (Office for National Statistics (ONS) data for 2005). This reflects the rural aspect of the area. 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 2. 10 Car Ownership –4% more households in the District have access to 2 or more cars than the England average. This very high rate reflects the rural nature of the District. Education Despite the District’s relative prosperity, in 2004 15% of school leavers left education with no qualifications; 25% of 16-74 year olds in the District have no formal qualifications. Department of Health – Local Authority Profile 2. 11 Local authority health profiles are designed to show the health of people in each local authority area, and include comparisons with other similar populations. Profiles are produced by Public Health Observatories and are updated annually. With other local information e. g. Community Plans, Local Area Agreements, these profiles demonstrate where action can be taken to improve people’s health and reduce inequalities. Key points extracted from the 2007 profiles covering Cambridgeshire include: Huntingdonshire †¢ †¢ It is estimated that in Huntingdonshire 1 adult in 4 eats healthily and 1 in 6 binge drinks. Although estimated smoking rates are below average, 1 adult in 5 still smokes Life expectancy for both men and women is higher than the England average 2. 12 Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 9 SECTION II –STRATEGIC CONTEXT †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Rates of early deaths from cancer are similar to those in England but have shown no improvement in trends over the last 4 years The rate of admission to hospital with alcohol specific conditions is lower than the England average CHD is a growing problem in the District Obesity levels, particularly amongst young people are also a growing issue Summary 2. 3 Huntingdonshire District is relatively affluent, but has small pockets of deprivation. There are high levels of employment and average wages are higher than other parts of the county, although some younger people lack formal qualifications. Life expectancy is high, and compared to some of the other more rural and urban areas, there are fewer serious health issues, with the exception of a growing incidence of CHD, and relatively high rates of cancer, experienced by the population. The District has a large younger population, and a high proportion of 30-44 year olds; this profile is important for sports provision, as individuals tend to be more active when younger.
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