Queen Anne an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Queen Anne In any discussion of Queen Annes war, it is perhaps best to begin with an understanding of Queen Anne herself. In many ways, it is odd that she would ever have become queen at all. When Anne Stuart was born, her uncle Charles II was King of England. She was the second oldest of the kings nieces; her sister Mary was the eldest. When Charles II died without heirs, the throne passed to his brother James II. The politics of England were odd at that time and though her parents were Catholic, the bishops of England insisted that Mary and Anne be raised at Protestants, setting Anne at odds with her family over religion. Before their father took the throne of England, James married his eldest daughter off to William of Orange, a Dutch Protestant. Anne was married to Prince George of Denmark in a move many hoped would create an Anglo-Danish alliance against William and the Dutch. The marriage was arranged with assistance from King Louis XIV of France (Blthye, 1998). Need essay sample on "Queen Anne" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed As a fairly distant relative to the royal line and a sickly female child, Anne was not educated in the manner befitting someone who would become the monarch. She was educated in music and literature, but history, civil law and military theory were not among the things that she was taught. By most accounts, the marriage between Prince George and Princess Anne was a loving one and they conceived more than a dozen children but none survived. It is believed that Annes many long-standing illnesses and her bout with small pox as a young woman may have contributed to the weakness and deaths of her children (Blythe, 1998). After her sister married William, Anne and Mary grew distant and Mary even snubbed her little sister while they were in mourning for their father (Bucholz, 1991). James II tried to bring Catholic rule back to England and to rule without input from Parliament. For that, his daughters joined Parliament in opposing him in 1688 in the Glorious Revolution. The revolution changed Britain to a constitutional monarchy and made William and Mary is rulers (Blythe, 1998) Though William and Mary did not treat Anne well during their reign, she was named successor to the throne in 1702 when William died. In 1701, the English had agreed via treaty that if Anne died without heirs the throne of England would pass to the Hanover lineage, distant heirs to the throne in Germany. This angered some Scots who wanted the Stuart line to remain on the throne regardless of religion and thought that if and when Anne died, the throne should pass to her half brother James, another Stuart. To avoid further problems with the Scots, one of Annes first and most lasting acts as Queen was the Act of Union, uniting England and Scotland under one crown (Blythe, 1998). Anne would p rove to be the last Stuart on the throne and was the first married woman to serve as Queen of England. She had 17 pregnancies, including 12 miscarriages and none of her children lived to adulthood. Her husband, Prince George, was an alcohol with breathing troubles and the royal family often travelled to Bath in an attempt to heal their various ills. Queen Anne was treated with the finest medical treatments of the day, including bleeding and burning with flat irons in an attempt to heal her. The final years of her reign were marked by the extreme illness of the Queen (Blythe, 1998). When taking the throne of England, Anne had an axe to grind. The first queen born to an English mother and raised almost exclusively in Britain since Queen Elizabeth, she knew she had a lot to live up to. Additionally, Princess Anne had not been treated well by other royals and was looking forward to making those who had mistreated her, such as William and Mary, pay for their indiscretion (Bucholz, 1991). Though her sister and brother-in-law were dead, Anne desparately wanted the recognition they had failed to give her. So it was that the Queen, who many called weak-willed and easily led, determined after the death of Charles II in Spain that France and Spain, sworn enemies of the British Empire, should not be allowed to come together under a common royal lineage. Inter-marrying among the nobles of Europe was common at that time and those in line for the throne in both France and Spain could also in theory be an heir to the throne in the other country. This seems to be the most obvious goal of Queen Annes War, avoid allowing one ruler to rule the huge colonial powers of Spain and France. But dominance and colonization were also among the Queens goals. "In the War of the Spanish Succession and the ensuing negotiation of the several treaties signed at Utrecht on 11 April 1713, questions of trade and colonies were never far from the minds of French, British, and Dutch statesmen. Louis XIV himself went so far as to write in 1709 that the "object" of the war was "the trade of the Indies"." (Miquelon 2001) At the beginning of the war, Spain and France were the powerhouses in colonization, especially in the Americas. Queen Annes War helped to give the British a major foothold in Canada and also re-wrote the makeup of the Caribbean islands. Queen Anne decided that it was in her countrys best interest not to let the grandchildren of Louis XIV of France rule Spain and France under a united throne.. Allied with the Dutch, Anne determined that the war, in Europe known as the War of Spanish Succession, would not end with a united France and Spain. Whigs in Parliament were calling for the complete destruction of France and Queen Anne was among the most vocal supporters of the war effort (Bucholz, 1991). Almost as soon as the war was declared, the country was solidly behind its Queen and wanted nothing more than for her to crush their colonial rivals, Spain and France. In November, 1702, even graffiti artists expressed their support for the Queen and her war, writing, "As threatening Spain did to Eliza bow, So France and Spain shall do to Anna now" (Bucholz, 1991). Queen Annes objective in the war was quite simple: prevent the French and Spanish from becoming long-term allies. With the death of Charles II of Spain, it was clear that the intermingled royal blood of France and Spain had left numerous heirs with claims to both thrones. England and most of Britain feared the results of a unified France and Spain, because of their colonial dominance and their access to trade around the world. Charles II named his closest relative in the female line, the man who would become Phillip V, heir to the throne. The Hapsburgs in Austria disputed this line of ascension, largely because Phillip was also the grandson of the French King Louis XIV. ("The Treaties" 2002) If Charles Ii had reached back further in the royal lineage, he could have named one of the Austrian Hapsburgs as successor to the throne. Of course, the immediate effect of the war was an alliance of Spain and France, but by 1706, and again in 1709, the French were suing for peace and Britain simply wasnt listening. The queen also had other goals for the war. Louis XIV himself said the war was about trade and colonies (Rich, 1954). Her allies also had important goals. The Holy Roman Empire wanted the Hapsburgs to be named as the rightful heirs to the Spanish throne and Queen Anne wanted to make sure that no one would dispute the claim of the House of Hanover, the Protestants, as heirs to the British throne (Hill, 1973). She had no desire to see her half-brother, a Catholic on the throne of England. By the time the war was done, most of what Queen Anne wanted would come to true and her allies would be left with whatever leftovers the British happened to give them. One of the first provisions of the treaty, though it is not spelled out quite that way, is to name Anne the rightful Queen of Britain and to acknowledge her lineage as the rightful heirs to the throne. This is done via the wording of the first article of the treat in which the two declare, "That there be an universal perpetual peace, and a true and sincere friendship, between the most Serene and most Potent Princess Anne, Queen of Great Britain, and the most Serene and most Potent Prince Lewis XIV, the most Christian King, and their Heirs and Successors, as also the Kingdoms, States, and Subjects of both, as well without as within Europe;" ("Treaty" 2001). By acknowledging Queen Anne as the Queen of Britain and declaring a perpetual peace between the two nations, Louis XIV is giving credence to Anne Stuarts claim that the House of Hanover is the legitimate heirs to the British throne and is in essence saying that his country will not dispute her claim to the throne. For Anne, who had been maligned by the Catholic royalty of Europe this was an important concession of the treaty (Bucholz, 1991). For Queen Anne, the acknowledgement from her peers in Europe that she was the supreme monarch of the British empire was every bit as important as the concessions in the New World and other colonial regions. The Queen preferred rules and regulations to the merchants concerns of worldwide trade and colonization. In Articles 12 and 13 of the treaty, the French agree to grant Britain control of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but retained for France the right to fish in the waters near Newfoundland and to erect small drying huts there to process the fish ("Treaty" 2001). For Queen Anne, this was something of an unexpected boon; for the Whigs, this was a small portion of the debt that France should have to pay to be granted peace. The treaty further granted that Phillip V would indeed be acknowledged as the King of Spain, despite the objection of many of Britains allies. But to prevent a combining of France and Spain under one ruler ever, Phillip V had to renounce all claims for him and his descendants to the throne of France and Phillips family, the other grandsons of Louis XIV had to renounce all claims to the Spanish throne ("The Treaties" 2002). The series of treaties and renunciations of the end of the war is almost unheard of at other times in history. Emperor Karl IV had to renounce his claims to Spain and Spain have to cede territories to many of the Grand Alliance, including giving parts of Italy to Austria. In short, the in-breeding among European nobles had left several people with indirect claims to the throne of more than one country. The Austrians had hoped to instill one of their own as King in Spain, gaining more power in the colonization process and access to the sea. In a concession to France, and because the Queen did not care if the Austrians were satisfied or not, Louis XIVs grandson as allowed to take his place as the new King. But, the Queen did not want France and Spain to end up in the hands of a single ruler and did not want to offend Austria too much, so she added provisions for everyone to renounce their claims to everyone elses throne. The legality of this maneuver is still debated by those who believe descendants of Phillip V should have a claim to the French throne even though the monarchy no longer exists. Also important to the English queen, her war helped secure British control of the New World, striking back at the French foothold on North America and ushering in three decades of peace between Britain and France in Europe. The two countries divided and re-divided the colonies at a whim over the years and skirmishes were fought in the colonies during the 30-year peace, but both countries longed for and got peace in Europe. WORKS CITED Blythe, Richard. "Queen Anne Stuart" February, 1998. http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/anne.html July 6, 2007. Bucholz, R.O. "Nothing But Ceremony" Queen Anne and the Limitations of Royal Ritual, Journal of British Studies, July 1991, p. 288-323, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-9371%28199107%2930%3A3%3C288%3A%22BCQAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23>, July 5, 2007. Miquelon, Dale. "Envisioning the French Empire: Utrecht, 1711-1713" French Historical Studies, Vol. 24, No. 4. (Autumn, 2001). pp. 653-677 Rich, E. E. "The Hudsons Bay Company and the Treaty of Utrecht" Cambridge Histroical Journal, Vol. 11, No. 2 (1954), pp. 183-203 "The Treaty of Utrecht", 2004. "The Treaties of Utrecht" , November 21, 2002.

Legality Of Same-Sex Marriages Essays - Baehr V. Miike, Free Essays

Legality Of Same-Sex Marriages Essays - Baehr V. Miike, Free Essays Legality of Same-Sex Marriages The proposed legalization of same-sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most explosive political questions facing lawmakers, and one of the most provocative issues emerging before American courts. If same-sex marriage is legalized, it could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history of American family law. The potential consequences, positive or negative, for children, parents, same-sex couples, families, social structure public health, and the status of women are enormous. Given the importance of the issue, the value of comprehensive debate of the reasons for and against legalizing same-sex marriage should be obvious. Marriage is much more than merely a commitment to love one another. Aside from societal and religious conventions, marriage entails legally imposed financial responsibility and legally authorized financial benefits. Marriage provides automatic legal protections for the spouse, including medical visitation, succession of a deceased spouse's property, as well as pension and other rights. When two adults desire to "contract" in the eyes of the law, as well a perhaps promise in the eyes of the Lord and their friends and family, to be responsible for the obligations of marriage as well as to enjoy its benefits, should the law prohibit their request merely because they are of the same gender? I intend to prove that because of Article IV of the United States Constitution, there is no reason why the federal government nor any state government should restrict marriage to a predefined heterosexual relationship. Marriage has changed throughout the years. In Western law, wives are now equal rather than subordinate partners; interracial marriage is now widely accepted, both in statute and in society; and marital failure itself, rather than the fault of one partner, may be grounds for a divorce. Societal change have been felt in marriages over the past 25 years as divorce rates have increased and have been integrated into even upper class families. Proposals to legalize same-sex marriage or to enact broad domestic partnership laws are currently being promoted by gay and lesbian activists, especially in Europe and North America. The trend in western European nations during the past decade has been to increase legal aid to homosexual relations and has included marriage benefits to some same-sex couples. For example, within the past six years, three Scandinavian countries have enacted domestic partnership laws allowing same-sex couples in which at least one partner is a citizen of the specified country therefore allowing many benefits that heterosexual marriages are given. In the Netherlands, the Parliament is considering domestic partnership status for same-sex couples, all major political parties favor recognizing same-sex relations, and more than a dozen towns have already done so. Finland provides governmental social benefits to same-sex partners. Belgium allows gay prisoners the right to have conjugal visits from same-sex partners. An overwhelming majority of European nations have granted partial legal status to homosexual relationships. The European Parliament also has passed a resolution calling for equal rights for gays and lesbians. In the United States, efforts to legalize same-sex domestic partnership have had some, limited success. The Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc. reported that by mid-1995, thirty-six municipalities, eight counties, three states, five state agencies, and two federal agencies extended some benefits to, or registered for some official purposes, same-sex domestic partnerships. In 1994, the California legislature passed a domestic partnership bill that provided official state registration of same-sex couples and provided limited marital rights and privileges relating to hospital visitation, wills and estates, and powers of attorney. While California's Governor Wilson eventually vetoed the bill, its passage by the legislature represented a notable political achievement for advocates of same-sex marriage. The most significant prospects for legalizing same-sex marriage in the near future are in Hawaii, where advocates of same-sex marriage have won a major judicial victory that could lead to the judicial legalization of same-sex marriage or to legislation authorizing same-sex domestic partnership in that state. In 1993, the Hawaii Supreme Court, in Baehr v. Lewin, vacated a state circuit court judgment dismissing same-sex marriage claims and ruled that Hawaii's marriage law allowing

Government-Fostered Ownership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Government-Fostered Ownership - Essay Example The so called concentration of media is a term given to the concentration of ownership rights into the hands of few individuals or entities which control the major chunk of the media including radio. The question of whether the US government allowed the concentration of ownership into the monopoly or oligopoly ownership structure with the radio industry is question of great debate because over the period of time, radio industry has been subject to various regulations. The FCC’s verdicts also indicated that the US government was more than willing to consolidate the ownership of radio industry in few hands apparently for reasons which may not be fully understood. (Compaine, 2005). The radio and other allied industries such as railways as well as TV in US evolved under the private ownership as against in UK and elsewhere. The fact that the radio industry evolved under the private ownership has provided much flexibility as well freedom to operate. It is also important to note that the radio as a private invention and as such the ownership of broadcasting also remained within the hands of the private owners. The policy of the US government has been to allow the flourishing of the radio industry under the private ownership. It is also however, critical to note that the US government has over the period of time regulated the industry in a bid to keep it under the tight control however, the ownership of the industry remained within the private owners, and as such it was also gradually culminated into the monopoly or oligopoly. One of the reasons for this which is often cited is the assumption that the strict government control over the radio may be a barrier to entry and as such the freedom of speech as well as other fundamental rights may be subjugated by the government. Further, the government control might have resulted into the barriers to creativity as strict government control could have resulted into

The role of leadership in organisational change Essay

The role of leadership in organisational change - Essay Example This tendency is caused by companies’ desire to be successful and earn money hand over fist. Let us refer to appropriate sources in order to define the role of leadership in organizational change. Elving in conducted research (2005, pp. 129-138) claims that organizational change requires changes in communication. This study suggests that communication in organization creates a community and serves as an informative methodology. The researcher presents six propositions of communication factors which influence changes rejection. Nevertheless the author underlines that informative role of communication can positively influence readiness for changes in organization while it develops organizational commitment and give certainty to employees. Bovey (2001, pp. 534-548) explores resistance to organizational change. The author interestingly emphasizes that resistance to change is rooted not in individual, but in organization itself. He offers 5 mechanisms to resist organizational changes. Thus in case of following suggested mechanisms such as humor, anticipation etc employees and managers will easily adapt to newly introduced changes. Caldwell’s research (2003, pp. 285-293) explores change leaders as transformed managers. The author claims that change leaders are on the top of the company and they work out strategy of change and change managers translate their strategies into actions. We can correlate this study with the work by Smith C. (2002, pp. 448-460) on leading change which intrigues us with its correlation with Jungian interpretations of the book of Job. The story of Job from the Bible is considered to be the basis of current organizational life. The image of Job is a predecessor of modern leader. Transformation of Job in modern manager and change leaders as transformed managers has many traits in common. Modern world is anxious and modern leaders should have skills to react to all evoking

Global Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Global Study - Assignment Example According to the article â€Å"The Chinese Century† by Joseph E. Stigitz, China overtook the US as the largest Economy of the world. The writer states that it is a wakeup call that came as a surprise for the US. Is it true that China is the words largest economy as of now, and what are the future expectations? China enters the year 2015 as the world’s largest economy (Stiglitz). Latest news show that China has truly become the world’s leading economy and the US is number 2 after 142 years (Since 1872). The economy of the Chinese is worthy $17.6 trillion while that of the US is worth $17.4 trillion. China’s economy will still grow further: IMF estimates it to be 27 trillion in 2019. The New York Times article â€Å"China’s Economic Empire† by Heriberto and Juan America and Europe has become uncomfortable with China’s rise economically. Is it true that China is taking over American and European companies? What is evident is that China has bought large companies of the west such as the American pork producer, Smithfield Foods and Club Med (HERIBERTO and JUAN). According to BBC news, Chinese companies have 2 ways in which they expand overseas: ‘organically’ through scaling their processes, or ‘organically’ acquisition of foreign

Representation Of Women In Mainstream Film Studies Essay

Representation Of Women In Mainstream Film Studies Essay According to Laura Mulvey women stand in patriarchal culture as signifier for the male other, bound by a symbolic order in which man can live out his fantasies and obsessions through linguistic command by imposing them on the silent image of woman still tied to her place as bearer of meaning, not maker of meaning. This argument can be seen in countless movies across generations and cultures. Mainstream Hindi film industry churned out countless movies where women represented as bearer rather than maker of meaning. However, the film No One Killed Jessica seems to be a departure from this trend. The film is based on the true murder story of Jessica Lal. In a crowded nightclub, Jessica Lal, a model working as a celebrity bartender, refused to serve Manu Sharma and two of his friends. Incensed, Manu Sharma pulls out a gun intending just to give Jessica a scare shoots her dead. More than 300 people were witnessed the event at the exclusive nightclub when Jessica was killed, but nobody came forward to tell the truth in court. The family of Jessica Lal fought legal battle against the rich and powerful for more than a decade and finally got justice. The film, No One Killed Jessica was purposively chosen keeping in view of its commercial success and audience acceptability. Its successful run at the box office implies most of the audience identifies with the films representation of society and individuals. As per general perception through various news media, it had a strong impact on the society regarding the changing image of women. The film can be clearly established on a syntagmatic level; the director (Raj Kumar Gupta), the script (amalgamations of fiction and reality), the directors relationship with his earlier film Aamir (2008). In addition to that, there were snapshots of today in the film in the form of models, fashion, glamour, journalism, sting operations, even stereotypes. All in all the film was a total explosive concoction. The most integral aspect was successful completion of process of making a film as a paradigm in itself.   No One Killed Jessica perhaps one of the rare films where the male gaze is absent, largely because there are no male protagonists, no song and dance sequences, and no overt sexualisation. The female lead is represented in a very masculine form. The film paved the way for newer films to represent women and their everyday issues in a positive light by breaking the existing stereotypes. Bollywood, considered to be among the top three film industries across the world, has time and again successfully adapted to new dimensions to understand and reflect the relatively quick changes in the evolving culture of Indian society. It also reaches Middle East, South Asia, Africa and among South Asian diasporas, world over. This further marks the study of mainstream commercial Hindi film as essential. The study can be taken as a critical base and can be re-examined for upcoming films. Theoretical Framework In mass media, representation is often perceived as the construction of reality in a virtual medium. Such a notion of representation is analogous to the mistaken assumption of a one-to-one correspondence of every word with its referent a language-world isomorphism (Saussure, 1983). Representation in cinema begins with building up of concepts of reality that include human beings, objects, places, cultural identities, and events and extends to the establishment of abstract concepts. In classical aesthetics, Plato identified representation as mimesis i.e. imitation without narration, somewhere close to theatre and differentiated it with the concept of diegesis i.e narration without imitation. Aristotle went further in his seminal work Poetics and suggested that mimesis can never reach the truth because on one hand the audiences are required to feel distant from it so that they can experience catharsis and on the other hand it has to strive hard to imitate reality as close as possible. In fact, Aristotle exclaimed that, Mimesis involves a framing of reality that announces that what is contained within the frame is simply not real. Thus the more real the imitation the more fraudulent it becomes. (Gebauer and Wulf, 1992) The modern aestheticist M. C. Beardsley (1958) proposed a classification of Representation as Depiction (i.e. representation of a type of object), Portrayal (i.e. representation of an individual), and Symbolizing (i.e. representation through a suggested or non-literal meaning). Incorporating all these typifications, representation can be approached from two standpoints. Towing the line of Aristotles interpretation of mimesis, Constructivists tend to believe that cinema is a construction of reality, where reality as an object can be perceived, consumed and witnessed in still as well as moving images and texts but with a catch this perception will always be plagued by cinematic alteration and manipulation and therefore, will always be distinct from reality itself. In other words, our perception of a film will be dependent on our body of knowledge i.e. epistemology, especially our knowledge that this is a film and therefore cannot be real. Thus, Myra Karn is able to portray Jessica Lal because the spectators have agreed to a suspension of disbelief about this fact. However, once this agreement is reached, it immediately leads to a subconscious apprehension that ultimately this is not the complete truth. On the other hand, Realists take an almost opposite viewpoint, best described by Bazins notion that film as a medium is subject to reality by the very incorporation of this capacity of capturing reality in the film-making process itself (Bazin, 1967; pp 21). Bazin went on to establish that there is a style of filmmaking which may be termed as realist which he ascribed to the likes of Jean Renoir, Orson Welles and Italian neorealist Roberto Rossellini all following techniques which render the projected image as close to reality as possible. With time constructivism went on to incorporate structuralism, Barthesian textual analysis, Marxist ideological analysis, Lacanian psychoanalysis, etc. leading to the foundation of cine-semiotics. This led to the birth of feminist film theory which incorporated feminist ideological criticism, cultural studies, psychoanalysis etc. According to Feminist Film Theories, cinema has been an important path on which debates, culture and identity is talked about and even challenged. There have been major theoretical developments and frequent discussions on woman as an object of desire, female spectatorship and cinematic pleasure. Many theorists have contributed to this school of thought. Mulvey in her essay, Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema (1973, printed in 1975), highlights the concept of women as passive role players in films. According to her it baselines the concept of film as visual pleasure. She further stressed that such roles make women as tools of erotic visual effect for male v oyeurism. Mulvey points that in Cinema a womans representation is being a carrier of the meaning rather than making the meaning. Molly Haskell in From Reverence to Rape: The treatment of women in Movies (1974), analyzes how women are portrayed in films, the stereotypes depicted, the extent to which women are projected as passive or active. She also comments upon the amount of screen time given to women. Doane (1987), searches for the type of women representation in the women-oriented films. She insists that women refer to signifier of modernity, rebellious sexuality. According to her, woman as object is single terminology in systems of positioning. Linda Williams (1988) tells us that understanding of spectatorship is a result of representation through three-sided meeting historical and physical subjectivity; contradictory meanings; positions and pleasures. Julia Kristeva (1982) uses the term abject in direct contrast to Lacans object petit a (object of desire) to refer to the spect ators reaction of horror towards a possibly endangered deconstruction in the meaning caused due to the loss of power. Post-structuralist feminist philosopher Judith Butler theorized that gender is different from sex and while the later is biological, gender is actually performative and this performance is driven by rules put in place by strong patriarchal hegemonic structures (Butler, 1999). However, Feminist film theory has also met with strong criticism from various detractors, prominent being Christine Gledhill, who argues for a realist epistemology to underline contemporary feminist film theory (Gledhill, 1984). This follows from the premise that if a feminist film theorist asks the question whether a particular representation in a film is true to womens condition and nature, she has automatically assumed that there is a reality of womens condition and nature (Casebier, 1991; pp 121). In this paper, we attempt to provide a subtextual realism to applied feminist film theory principles using relevant phenomenological theories for example, Benjamins Angel of History and Heideggers Poiesis. Inspired by French Revolutions in 1789, 1830, 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1870, Walter Benjamin interpreted Paul Klees painting, Angelus Novus (1920) in his seminal work, On the Concept of History (1940). The Angel of History, as Benjamin dubbed it, has its face turned towards its past and sees a single catastrophe of revolutionary events, a pile of rubble on its feet even as it is caught up in a storm that drives him towards the future. Benjamin labeled this storm as progress. Further [1973 (1935)], he argued in favor of death of ritual with the birth of camera and mechanical images. Heidegger, M. [(1977) 1954], in The Question Concerning Technology, insisted that the essence of technology is not technological He used the term poiesis to find out forms of authentic production, one where every aspect of production process right from the creator to created is dependent and entangled with each other. As a result, there is a loss of being, individuality and freedom. It brings humanity to a position of servitude. Due to this a person speaks something but thinks absolutely differently. Heidegger takes the example of a fast and free-flowing river The Rhine when the river is controlled by a dam, which is built by humans, leads to curtailment of the rivers freedom. However, it also results in servitude of humanity because now they have to manage the dam as an additional work bound to their lives. Gender representation and Hindi cinema As discussed earlier, construction of reality presupposes the establishment of reality. The basic premise of cinematic suspension of disbelief is the realization that all that appears real on screen is actually a construction of reality. Similarly, to take up the subject of representation of women in Hindi cinema, first we must try to comprehend the existing reality of women, their status in India. Numerous Indian mythologies have given great respect to women, to the extent of calling them Mother Goddess. The contextual reality though is quite different. Unlike many nations, India has a larger male population as compared to females. One of the major reasons is women die even before they can reach adulthood. A large number of them are murdered in their mothers womb. The other important fatal imbalance is the mistreatment of these women. They do not have enough decision-making power and economic independence, face violence in and out of their families, face atrocities like murder, mole station, rape and every possible kind of sexual molestation to the extent that India stands at a miserable 56 rank out of 86 nations in the Social Institutions and Gender Index (OECD SIGI, 2012). This reality of Indian women has found its way straight into the silver screen. Since beginning, women in popular Hindi Cinema have their set roles somebodys daughter, wife, sister or mother. A modern woman has been portrayed to possess a loose character. She can be bar dancer or a college student, who is not at all interested in her career. Rare are the cases when lead female characters are depicted as strong individuals. We hardly witness them to be lawyers, journalists, business magnets, doctors etc. Even if they are portraying these, they are supposed to be holy, cultured, catering to males need and wishes. Even the song and dance sequences demand them to be voluptuous and good dancers. Their maximum achievement in life looks to be a shift from song and dance in discs and pubs to escape in Hindi cinema and do the same around trees. Woman as a maker of meaning: Gender representation in No One Killed Jessica An important precursor to the analysis of No One Killed Jessica is the actual Jessica Lal murder case. Jessica was a professional model who happened to volunteer as a bartender at a socialite gathering and was shot dead by a politicians son for refusing to serve him liquor at 2 am in the night. The case shocked Indian youth and generated a public outcry when the perpetrators were acquitted in a lower court. Subsequently, the media took up the case rigorously and managed to pressurize the higher courts to reopen the case and finally the guilty were put behind bars. No One Killed Jessica starts in a format of a hard-hitting documentary. Later the glamour quotient seeps in reminding us of watching a mainstream commercial Hindi cinema. Still throughout, the film showed touches of serious cinema as well. This movie boasts of two main characters Sabrina Lal (Vidya Balan) and Meera Gaity (Rani Mukherjee). Sabrina is shown to be simple, calm, nerdy, and docile and appears to be contended in her own space. She takes a back-seat in all the aspects of life as compared to her sister (Jessica Lal) and many other female counterparts. She is media shy and far from the glamorous personality of Jessica and Meera. Her usual attire is dull colored loose shirts and straight fit jeans and doesnt use make-up, establishing her as a person who tones down her sexuality. Meera is a fictional character, loosely symbolizing sensational but powerful Indian electronic media of the new millennium. The character is built around the famous journalist from NDTV Barkha Dutt, who had handled the case and is also the inspiration for the coverage of Kargil war and Kandahar hijack episode. Unfortunately, the film completely ignores print media journalists, who were among the first ones to uncover the truth and in fact, the sting operation was done by Harinder Baweja from Tehelka. In the movies credits, there is a caption congratulating Tehelka for their efforts but going by the general Indian film viewing standard, people do not sit back and watch credits. Ramani (2011) implored that the movie goes so far to accommodate the case for electronic media that it excludes and almost totally ignores contribution of main heroes of the story, i.e. the print media. Meera is established from the beginning of her film, first through her voice which delivers a monologue on Delhis inherent complexity and its fascination with power and then her credentials are established through her coverage of important but difficult news assignments like Kargil war and Kandahar hijack incident. From the very beginning, Meeras character is celebrated as a woman of substance, but subliminally, it is established as a transgendered male performance, as if the lines and the role was written for a male character but the sex was changed at the last moment. Thus Meera goes to great lengths to establish her gender performativity as male using tropes like frequent verbal abuse; dominant and emotionally detached frequent physical relationships; absence of family issues etc. Her stance of sitting and drinking tea in the office, her behavior with her colleagues and her maid furthers this establishment. The contrast lies in, the real women journalists who actually went to grea t lengths to solve this case and is comfortable in their gender, e.g. Harinder Baweja frequently wears Saris and flaunts her femininity without any reservations, and is quite humble in her interviews. Professionally, Meera comes out as a hard-hitting reporter. Her character is smart, dynamic, selfish, bitchy, successful, and manipulative. In fact, it seems as if the director of the film has a deliberate intention of creating such contrasting characters on the same platform. The downside of such a contrast is that, when played with the mise-en-scà ¨ne and sequence of events, the film impresses upon the audience that, a successful woman tends to have man-like attributes; at least her perfomative gender should be male. Otherwise she will absolutely fade away in the harsh realities of life. In an establishing scene, while returning from the Kargil war zone, she hurls expletives at a fellow male passenger something that is employed to make her representation adhere to the stereotypes of cool and bitch, as there appears no visible reason for such an outburst. However, we must give due respect to the makers of the film that they have not aimed at creating perfect heroines, although all these characters are seen to reflect certain exciting stereotypes. Jessica Lal, the omnipresent character throughout the film, even after her death, is the actual anchor of the story. Her character evolves as a young model free-spirited and modern an individual who is not scared to pick a fight while protecting her sister (Sabrina) against harassment. However, the stereotyping does not leave her ever. In the scene where she fights the street harassers, one can observe a multitude of gender and class representations. The harassers are on a cheap bicycle and apparently symbolize members of the lower economic class. Whether or not this scene is fictional, it reeks of class irony she was shot dead by a higher economic class male while these fellows were projected to be weak in front of her rage and verbal abuses. Another irony is that the verbal abuses that s he used are themselves misogynist. Further on in the film, her modernity is objectified in pure Kristevan (1982) sense by establishing her vulnerability as a vilified girl who likes to have a nice time, parties hard, drinks heavily and stays out till late. So in the film there are a number of scenes where Jessicas character develops against Sabrina in a contrast of bad vs. good. In one frame, Jessica invites Sabrina to a party which symbolically implies the one where she was shot dead and she is wearing a mini-skirt while Sabrina is in desexualized jeans and an oversized shirt. At the sequence leading to Jessicas murder, there is frequent jump cut between Sabrina sleeping in her bed while Jessica is serving drinks in the party. The dance sequence reeks of voyeuristic male pleasure with head to toe camera movements amplifying a mini-skirt clad female figure montage with extreme close-up shots of drunken men trying to get too close to her the sub-text is clearly pointing out that thi s image of a girl dancing in a short dress is easily approachable. The paradigm in the series of shots and the delicate imagery tend to establish a dangerous line of thought those who try to move away from the patriarchal hegemonies in place will have to face the brunt one day the audience is prepared to see Jessica get the bullet! This moment is the very mimetic driver that will lead the audience to witness the fight for justice and the road to catharsis, the final judgment in favor of justice. But the montage and the mise-en-scene establishing this mimesis subliminally also feed the stereotype of the vulnerability of the female gender. The conflict scene between Jessica and Manu is a more serious effort and focuses on her mid, close-up and extreme close-up shots as well as a good performance by Myra to highlight Jessicas strong personality. The audience senses the danger even more closely as the first gunshot goes off and yet another Jessica is hit in the head. Her fall in slow motion takes its time to ensure that the moment is mimetically established and mourned in the subconscious of the viewers. Phenomenologically, this moment is akin to Benjamins Angel of History where the angel is looking at the past and has no hope for the future. The storm from paradise has ensured that all progress lies in the rubble of history. As with Benjamins catastrophe of the Holocaust, the audience is forced to have a full gaze at the tragedy that unfolds on-screen. Although Meera Gaity operates on similar thoughts of rebellion and modernity, she is shown to have a different end a victorious one! Her male performative attributes have been discussed earlier as well. She uses the f word like her second skin and is abusive in speech just like any of her male colleague journalists. She does not pay any heed to the so-called moral police of the society sleeps out of wedlock, smokes frequently and is at top of her career by climbing certain manipulative ladders. In order to come out in the top league, she is not afraid to pull the right strings and take help of the crooks themselves. Her frequent use of abusive language and behaving very manly recreates the stereotype of women can be successful only when and if she behaves like a man. Her dialogues like when she says screw ethics confirms her revolting personality. She is shown to be rude both to her colleagues (she often call her colleagues bitch), and even to her maid at home. Further Meera confir ms her male performance by saying sentences like, this is the time to give back to those sons of bitches; lets nail the bastard; that bastard should be in jail and not at the next happening party; I think I deserve a much bigger and better story and many more. Despite all this, throughout the film Meera is no less than a hero. In contrast, Sabrinas character is deliberately underplayed. She could have easily been made the hero of the story. However she was shown to be easily dominated first by her sister, then by witnesses, culprit, media and Meera. Perhaps this was done to signify, that the good has to lean on the bad to fight and win over the ugly. That is, after she has literally broken down in her fight for justice for Jessica, Sabrina grabs the hand of Meera to fine the justice against the evil doers. As mentioned in the review of literature, psychologists Yassour Borochowitz, Dalit Buchbinder, Eli (2010) discovered a couple of aspects that explains a female weakness to violence. They said that language is not the base to create a meaning; in fact, it is the crux to create concept of whole world. For example, the language of Sabrina is measured, slow, and subtle; revealing her desexualized personality. Her not going to her sisters parties, her avoidance of drinks, her even stopping Jessica from fight ing against goons who tease her, shying away from media and trusting the witness in vein. All these hint at her contrasting personality and the course of events in the film. Despite these stereotypes, the characters of Meera and Sabrina are very important, especially for Hindi Cinema. Apart from the male mannerisms and extremities of the characters; both of them shown to be strong in their own right (Sabrina to start the battle of justice and Meera to finish it). In fact, Meera is projected to ultimately possess a conscience and in following that she leaves no stone unturned to get justice for Jessicas murder case. There have been very few movies that show women in such revolutionary light. Also it is noteworthy that this movie again shows two female leads and males as supporting cast. It is a breather that we could see Vidya Balan in what she does best (no-glamorously glamorous avatar) after a long time. What was more like a water-drop in the desert is Rani Mukherjees fire-crackling role. Moreover women in this movie are shown to be focused on their respective goals and not just running around the bush to chase for their prince charming and night in the shining armor. No One Killed Jessica is perfect example of globalization, digitization and repercussions. The mixed language used, slang, abusive words, are in a way helper for general audience to relate with the movie and the reality of the story. Moreover, it was Jessica that helped find her wings of freedom. However it was the same globalization and development that made her life so cheap so as to make her loose it just over one drink. This is where her rubble of progress carries her from her past of hope to the future of loss in the effects and counter effects of Justice for Jessica, just like Benjamins concept of Angel of History. Similarly, Heideggers digitization has its own weight in studying the film. The whole movie screams of inter-mixing of technology and perceptions. For example the March for Justice at India Gate could be possible because of mass interconnectivity owing to the SMS/MMS revolution. It brought about the adoption of hacktivism in the movie. The positive side of this technological paradigm is seen as a march of change after people watch and get inspired by the movie Rang De Basanti in a theatre. In a true Heideggerian irony, the movie subtly carries the negativity of Gestell or enframing as well. Over glamorization of digitization resulted in ignoring the essential facts. Print media was ignored and deprived of its due credit. (Ramani, 2011) The movie was biased in its promotion of sting operations and did not care to highlight the negative aspects of such acts. The overt projection of globalization made the urban city image as digital hurdle. Above all, the woman in the film has been given an out of the box characteristics, making them look league apart from the rest. However, the reality is there stereotypes of images have been created and recreated consciously or unconsciously by the makers. The audience perception of the film is of applause, yet they in a way identify their stereotypical perceptions with the created reality in No One Killed Jessica. Conclusion To conclude, there is an obvious difference between the reality and representation. However, presence of stereotypes weakens the boundary of this differences and the line thins further to an extent of creating almost a complete identification with each other. The film commendably made an effort to break the gender stereotypes by projecting the image of women as a maker rather than a bearer of meaning in the mainstream commercial Hindi Cinema. However, many major instances prove that this change is not frequent enough. These efforts may be genuine, yet are not enough to overcome stereotypes. Hence the change is not strong enough to bring about a change in thoughts, outlook, perception, projection as well as representation. What we need is more frequency and refinement in order to break the existing stereotypes that even No One Killed Jessica could not break in totality. Representation is there for sure. A bright future lies ahead for Bollywood an opportunity to resist the natural ins tinct of creating and adhering to negative gender stereotypes with conviction and courage.

Shadow And Custodial President Essay examples -- essays research paper

Shadow and Custodial Presidents Grant (1868) – Cleveland (1892)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the history of the world there have been many people remembered for their actions and a great deal more forgotten for no real reason. This does not exempt more recent history. After the American Civil War, six lesser-known Presidents, Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, and Harrison, have been given titles of either shadow or custodial presidents. A shadow, is a section of darkness, or a part that follows behind. Some of the Presidents seem to have fallen into the shadows of other events, people, and issues. Others put themselves there, just stepping out long enough to take care of a few urgent tasks then sink back into the unknown. â€Å"Custodial Presidents† a term implying that the man is there only to fix problems already out of hand. He does not create policies or change the course of the nation, just keeps it on its way. Truthfully, some of these men are deserving of these titles. Others may not be. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 1868-1876   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Towards the end of President Johnson’s term in office, Johnson and Grant began to have public disagreements about the state of the Union. Due to these quarrels Grant aligned himself with the Radical Republican political party. Grant was already well known for his triumphs during the Civil War and was thus, the popular choice for Presidential Nominee.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Grant was the son of an Ohio tanner. He was educated at West Point, where he graduated 21st out of 39. Grant fought in both the Mexican and Civil Wars. In 1864 President Abraham Lincoln appointed Grant to the Position of General in Chief.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As President, grant had difficulty in making wise judgements. He was a man who tried, in most ways; to be honest, but still found himself in association to dishonest acts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Grant was known to accept a considerable amount of gifts from political admirers. He was also seen with the speculators, Jay Gould and James Fisk. Two men, who were planning to corner the market in gold. Grant did realize their plan, and he tried to put an abrupt halt to it. However his action caused a tremendous amount of fiduciary turmoil. Grant in no way curbed Radical Reconstruction, in the South. At times he aided it with military force.   &... ... of Presidency Harrison focused on was foreign policy. In 1889 the Pan American Congress met in Washington to establish an information center. Harrison also tried to annex Hawaii.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Within the country Harrison expanded the navy, made subsidies for steamships lines available, and signed bills for internal improvements. He also wanted to protect the American consumer from monopolies, so he signed the Sherman Anti-Trust act.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harrison had great problem, the tariff, facing him. He tried to make revisions in the tariff. These revisions made it so the Treasury surplus was nonexistent before the end of his term in office. Along with the surplus went the prosperity of most of the working class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harrison mostly focused, in his presidency, on issues that were important at the moment, but not so important as to be memorable. His time as President has fallen into the shadows. No great travesties or victories occurred during his time and so he will remain a shadow president.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After is retirement in Indianapolis and marriage in 1869, Benjamin Harrison died in1901, a respected man.

Native American Informative Essay

Indian reservations across America are lands that are reserved for Native Americans. On the reservation, the Native children are taught an education and ways to interact with others. On most reservations the children are taught the Indian language, but are also taught how to speak English. They mainly keep most of the Native American techniques and heritage. In a way these lands set aside are best for the Native Americans since they were on this land first. In North America there were seven main groups of tribes. In the far north there were Eskimos. Next were the Mackenzie-Yukon caribou Hunters. In the East was the Eastern woodland Indians. The Plains Indians were in Central America. In the Northwest were the fishermen, California and Intermountain seed gatherers, and finally in the southwest were the Southwest Farmers and Hunters. Native American education is a very important topic to today’s way of living. What percentage of Indians for to what schools? In the 1990’s, about 40,000 Native students (10% of the total) attended some 170 Bureau of Indian Affairs. The BIA is an organization which helps fund the reservation schools. There were also about 10,000 (3%) attended private schools, and over 300,000 (87%) attended public schools. In these schools, a disproportionate number of Native students achieve below national averages. On the 2000 National Assessment of Educational Progress reading assessment, 40% of white fourth graders scored at or above proficient, compared to only 17% of Native American students. New performance standards are being served to American Indians and Alaska Native Indians. The new standards are challenging Native students more. New performance standards outline shows how well students learn from the content, and new assessments measure their learning capability. The new content standards hold promise for Indian education for several reasons. First, they may help create a more common curriculum among schools within states, and clearer learning expectations across states. This could prove helpful to Indian educators in meeting the needs of the many students who transfer between schools. Second, because the content standards drive the curriculum, educators, parents, and students can refer to them to provide increased focus for teaching and learning. Bureau of Indian Affairs schools have chosen to adopt the content standards for their individual states, a curriculum which is more common to nearby schools. Third, new content standards may help improve the quality of instruction for Indian students. The constructivist approach promoted by national and most state content standards allows for a more holistic, real-life, active learning sort of pedagogy, which consists of more traditional American Indian ways of teaching and learning. Before others started moving here, North American education was geared to teaching children how to survive. Social Education taught children their responsibilities to their extended family and the group, clan, band, or tribe. Vocational education taught the children about farming, hunting, gathering, and fishing. Basically all the techniques needed to grow food for hunt for the food they ate. Native Americans have educated the ways we live in so many ways. They had techniques for growing many foods. Native farmers were the first in the world to domesticate potatoes, tomatoes, and many other plants that helped feed the peoples in the world today. You may ask yourself, Where did the Indians come from? Like the white settlers, the first Indians were immigrants. Anthropologists say they came from northeastern Asia. They resembled the early Mongoloid people of that region. Nobody knows when or how they came. They probably arrived when ice sheets covered much of Northern North America. This may have been 20,000 to 30,000 years ago. They may have come because they were wondering hunters hunting for food. How did the Native Americans start to be called Indians? The Native Americans had lived in America for thousands of years when the first European explorer set foot on their land. When Christopher Columbus landed in the New World, he called the Native people â€Å"indios† (Spanish for Indians) because he thought he had reached India. The first people to inhabit the North American continent were the Indians. Their settlements ranged across the western hemisphere and were built on many of the sites where modern cities now rise. They hunted deer, buffalo, and other game and cultivated land where today’s crops still grow. Their hunters, warriors, and traders used paths now followed by roads and railways. Indians words dot the map of the United States. Twenty-seven states and large numbers of cities, towns, rivers, and lakes bear names from the languages of the first Americans. Native Americans were dieing of diseases that had spread all through the countryside. The European invasion that began in the 15th century brought tremendous changes to the life of Indians. The Europeans brought over many diseases, such as the measles and smallpox. The Indians did not have any immunities for these diseases which could be life taking. Medicines were not invented in past years, as they are today to cure smallpox and the measles. After all the Europeans and other immigrants had entered the North American continent. The government was starting to be established. With the establishment of the United States, the federal government was faced with the â€Å"Indian Problem†. To deal with the Indians, the government established the Indian Bureau in the war department in 1824. Later in years, under President Andrew Jackson, the government established the Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma. After four centuries of precipitous population decline to a low of about 237,000 in 1990. American Indian and Alaska Native population in the U. S. began to increase in the turn of the century. The population of Native Americans has more than doubled in the past 30 years, from one million to almost two and a half million. Half of this population lives in urban areas and less than a third lives on a reservation. Poverty and social problems have plagued American Indians. They want political and economic equality, and want to region their native identities. Which includes their languages and traditions that historically were suppressed in schools. By recovering the past through a strong sense of identity and by using culturally appropriate curriculum and instruction, some Indians and Alaska Native students are achieving education success that therefore proved elusive. In the early 1970’s Indian activism, part of the civil rights movement, created an atmosphere that led to the passage of the 1972 Indian Education Act. It also led to the 1975 Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act. The Self-Determination Act is the idea that the Indians decide what is the best for them, not the government. Now the Indians were receiving less federal funding. They are still for the Self-Determination Act because they have more control over the Indian people and Indian Education. The 2,476,000 Native Americans represent some 500 different tribes, each having their unique culture, and 200 surviving languages. Today as the population increases, American Indian languages and cultures are being lost, partly as a result of federal and state education policies for the â€Å"Americanization† of Indian students. Now that the government is calling for this, Native are not being able to be in cultures and use the own unique techniques. All Indian tribes had their own way of surviving and gathering food. The Indians lived in different ways in various parts of the country. When a roaming band of Indians found a place with good hunting and plenty of seeds and berries, they settled down. Gradually they learned to utilize the area’s trees and plants, its animals, fish, and birds. Stones and earth were also a great part in surviving. Indians in different areas had other types of foods and ways to live. Clothing and shelter was fit to the surroundings around them. Before the Indians had gained the benefit of having horses, the hunters had worked out cunning methods by which they could kill enough buffalo to supply the tribe with meat and hides. In snowy weather, Indians would encircle a herd and kill many of the animals before they could flounder away in the drifts or get lost in a blizzard. Indians did not always have to work. They also had time to play games and other activities. The tribal members would come together for festivals that lasted a week or more. The gatherings usually had religious ceremonies as their main purpose, but there was time for games and visiting, storytelling, and social singing and dancing. At the festivals the braves would paint their bodies for dances and for the battle. The designs might be special â€Å"medicine†, or magic to protect their lives. They may be used to look more ferocious. For paint the Indians used red and white clays, black charcoal, and yellow pigment from mulberries or moss. They first smeared their bodies with buffalo or dear fat, and then rubbed on the colors. The women also had to dress up for the ceremonies. Women used the softer, finer skins of deer and antelope for most garments. They embroidered the ceremonial costumes with dyed porcupine quills ad painted the carrying cases and the tepee linings. In the designs, they drew triangles, diamonds, and other geometrical figures. They beaded the costumes after traders brought in beads. Native Americans have a large part on the countries history. They were the originating people on this land and are being pushed aside by other people who now live in the United States. The government had to set aside land for them, but now that land is becoming smaller and smaller. If the Native Americans would receive a proper education, I am sure they would fit into today society better.

Oppressive Gvernment essays

Oppressive Gvernment essays The sole end for which mankind is warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection. Because I agree with John Stuart Mill I must affirm the resolution: Resolved: Oppressive government is more desirable than no government. In order to clarify the resolution, my contentions, and core value, some definitions must be set for further edification. Government an established system of political administration Desirable Object that evokes a sense of want or need Societal Welfare the emotional and physical well-being of a community, or populace Citizen-A resident of the state that is; loyal, just, valuable to the government, and one that appreciates what kind of society the government creates for them to live in V: My value for this case is that of societal welfare, and, as stated above, only a government with the expressed wish to preserve the societal welfare can be determined as a government that is truly deserving of the title and loyalty of its residents. One thing that cannot be stressed enough however is that the majority of the populace must appreciate what the government has done for them, for what is a government if not a reflection of the people who represent them to the world? Criterion: My criterion is that of self-limitation. Only through self-limitation is one able to be a valued member of society and only through the realization of self-limitation to officials in government will governement be able to deal with citizens in a caring and affectionate mannor, one that fits seeing that the populace should be able to look upon the government as someone or something to turn to in their moment of need. This means that self-limitation is the first and most essential building block to societal welfare. Observations: Before I truly delve into the subject at hand some neces ...

Botany of a City Essay Example

Botany of a City Essay Example Botany of a City Essay Botany of a City Essay The narrative of each community can be determined by its works life. Plant life can find what will populate the country and what the economic system will boom on. Atlanta. Georgia is no exclusion. When the first European adventurers reached the upper Piedmont of Georgia. it was already inhabited by Creek Indians. besides known as the Muskogee. The Creek Indians believed that there were supernatural powers attributed to all natural things. They used many workss in mending the sick and besides believed that there were workss that would supply them with greater runing powers. The bulk of Creek district was located in the hilly Piedmont. The flora was an oak-pine wood. composed of a assorted growing of oak. pine. Sassafras albidums. chestnut. and hickory trees. In Indian Territory. Creek lands were a mosaic of oak forest. tallgrass prairie. and bottomland hardwood forest altering to a assorted long and short-grass prairie on the western fringe of their part. The majority of the country encompassed a forested belt known as the Cross Timbers. Creek Indians chose to settle in watercourse bottomlands. and tried to avoid the to a great extent timbered and tall-grass prairie countries. They favored countries that provided dependable wood qand H2O beginnings. Limited agribusiness. widespread farm animal farming. and progressively spread tribal towns continued to qualify the Creek landscape. ( Swanton. 2000 ) This inhabitancy of the Creek Indians extended into the early 1800s. The Decatur country was treatied over from the Creeks in 1820. Many people assume that Native Americans left the woods virtually untouched ; nevertheless. this is non true. Native Americans cleared. farmed. and burned the landscape of Georgia. in some countries greatly impacting and altering the natural landscape. In the Atlanta country. autochthonal populations seemingly neer attained ample Numberss. Therefore. their influence on the present Atlanta landscape likely was minimum. ( Swanton. 2000 ) Many workss native to the Atlanta country were used by both the Indians and others for their medicative value. The Cornus Florida ( Dogwood tree ) is a flowering tree that will make a tallness of 25 pess at adulthood with a 25 pes spread. A assortment of Dogwood trees can be found throughout the state. but the ruddy Dogwood is more common to the southern parts of the state. The ruddy Dogwood grows in acidic. loamy. moist. rich. sandy. good drained. clay dirts. The ruddy Dogwood has red blooms that appear in the spring. This tree has glossy. ruddy fruit eaten by birds when ripened in the autumn. Blooming cornel was used medicinally by a figure of native North American Indian folk who valued it particularly for its styptic and antiperiodic belongingss. The dried root-bark is antiperiodic. styptic. sudorific. mildly stimulating and tonic. The flowers are said to hold similar belongingss. A tea or tincture of the acerb root bark has been used as a quinine replacement to handle malaria and besides in the intervention of chronic diarrhoea. The bark has besides been used as a to handle external ulcers and lesions. The interior bark was boiled and the tea rummy to cut down febrilities and to reconstruct a lost voice. A compound extract of the bark and the root has been used in the intervention of assorted childhood diseases such as rubeolas and worms. It was frequently used in the signifier of a bath. The fruits are used as a acrimonious digestive quinine water. The 1830s to the 1930s was the clip of great enlargement of agribusiness in the Georgia Piedmont. Cotton was a primary harvest and land that was level plenty to plough became agricultural land. Even countries of woods were cleared for the production of cotton. This left the land unprotected from eroding and the loss of surface soil. Cotton as a harvest drains the dirt of foods and in the 1930s the dirts became hapless. Many farms went belly-up and husbandmans abandoned their Fieldss. It wasn’t long before the pines rapidly reclaimed most Fieldss. and forestry became the agribusiness of the Piedmont. Pines could last in the hapless dirts. and the Piedmont bit by bit reforested. although it has non returned to its original province. From 1930 to 1960. Atlanta easy grew from a chiefly suburban and rural metropolis to a big urban metropolis. Further growing took topographic point from 1965 to show. This period of clip saw enormous residential. industrial. and transit growing. Atlanta became the great international metropolis that it is today. This enlargement eliminated many of our trees. changed drainage forms. increased impermeable surfaces. and disconnected and stray home ground spots. ( Livingston A ; Shreve. 1921 ) Cotton was a primary contributing factor to the growing of Atlanta’s agricultural industry. Cotton grows in a warm clime. with rich dirt. Cotton requires a 160-day hoar free turning period. Cotton is alone in that the full works can be utilized in different ways. The fibre or lint is used in doing cotton fabric. Linters provide cellulose for doing plastics. explosives. high quality paper merchandises and processed into batting for embroidering mattresses. furniture and car shock absorbers. The cotton seed is crushed and separated. with the oil being used for cooking. and the hulls being used as repast for farm animal. or fertiliser. Cotton is a labour intensive harvest and expanded the function of bondage in the South. Without the usage of slave labour. it is improbable that husbandmans would hold been able to bring forth adequate cotton to last. Prior to the Civil War. the cotton industry was challenged as slaves and land became more expensive and harder to happen. Farmers tried to works cotton anywhere they could happen. utilizing even hapless dirt. Cotton turning was turn outing to be profitable and anyone who could take portion in the industry did. With the usage of slave labour and the roar of the cotton industry. there became a division of category and race in Atlanta’s society. ( World Wide Web. georgianencyclopedia. com ) As a pillar of the Atlanta agribusiness. cotton expoundings became a manner for Atlanta to pull visitants and spread out their economic system. Atlanta held its first cotton expounding. the International Cotton Exposition in 1881. The intent of the expounding was to spread out trade. and hike the economic system. The International Cotton Exposition was host to more than 200. 000 people and lasted for two and a half months. Those who promoted and hosted the expounding were making so to spread out the economic system and make an industrial centre in Atlanta. The ferocious competition in the cotton industry would besides take to the death of the Atlanta countryside. as husbandmans leveled woods in order to make more land for the agriculture of cotton. ( Parkins. 1938 ) The xanthous pines played a major function in the development of the railway in Atlanta and the railway provided for the growing and enlargement of Atlanta and its economic system. It was the growing and enlargement of the agribusiness environing Atlanta that created the demand for enlargement in the transit industry. viz. the railway. Effective and efficient transit was needed. Atlanta was turning at rate faster than any other southern metropolis. Competition between communities in the South propelled the enlargement of the railway to Atlanta. Local politicians were cognizant that transit would supply for economic prosperity. Atlanta was given railway connexions with the seashore in 1845. Atlanta’s growing was in portion due to its geographic location. The creative activity of the southern end point of the first railway in northern Georgia. the Western and Atlantic. fixed its location and it became a hamlets of railwaies in the early 1850’s when a line was built northwestward from Augusta and another from Atlanta to Montgomery. The railway besides brought with it challenges during the Civil War. As a cardinal hub. it was the place of big industries for the Confederate ground forces and a terminal for supplies. and sustained major harm during the war. The railway provided Atlanta with an ability to keep its trade with the universe. ( Parkins. 1938 ) Atlanta was rich in resources to help in constructing the railway. The xanthous pines were used as railway ties and provided lumber for building. The Longleaf Pine is an evergreen that grows chiefly along the southern boundary line and the western border of the United States. In its mature province it will 60 to 80 pess in tallness. with a 30 to 40 pes spread. The Longleaf Pine grows in alkaline. loamy. rich. broad scope. clay dirts. The Longleaf Pine thrives in full Sun to partial shadiness. The Longleaf Pine bole has scaly. coarse. visible radiation. orange-brown bark with unsloped subdivisions organizing an ellipse. unfastened Crown. The flexible. dark green acerate leafs are up to 18? long. and the big. spinous cones are up to 10? long and may prevail on the tree for two old ages. For the first five to seven old ages. the pine stays in a caespitose. grass-like phase after sprouting. turning easy while the root system develops. It is drought tolerant once the tree is established. Following the grass phase. it grows at a medium to fast rate. The inch long bunchs of new growing are silver white during the winter. The roots are sensitive to disturbance during building. This tree provides nutrient and screen for wildlife. including the now endangered red-cockaded peckerwood. Squirrels. quails. brown-headed nutcrackers. and turkeys eat the seeds. ( World Wide Web. georgianencyclopedia. org ) Today merely 3 million estates across the South contain some longleaf woods. and of that lone about 12. 000 scattered estates retain an old-growth constituent with a biologically diverse understory. One survey estimates that Georgia maintained more than 4 million estates of longleaf wood in 1936. piece merely 376. 400 estates remained in 1997. The longleaf pine is considered to be the dominant tree species in this ecosystem and is indispensable to its being. It is in its understory where the diverseness of this system exists and has hence been threatened. In fact. the longleaf pine. grassland forest may good be the most diverse North American ecosystem North of the Torrid Zones. incorporating rare workss and animate beings non found anyplace else. The understory throughout the longleaf scope contains from 150 to 300 species of ground cover workss per acre. more breeding bird than any other southeasterly forest type. about 60 per centum of the amphibious and reptile species found in the Southeast. and at least 122 endangered or threatened works species. ( World Wide Web. georgianencyclopedia. org ) Atlanta is a metropolis rich in history and diverseness. much of which was created and sustained by its ecology and works life. It was the works life that sustained the Creek Indians until their ejection. Plants. such as the Cornus Florida were used medicinally among many others. In a clip period when modern medical specialty was non available. it is likely that these medicative workss played a critical function in mundane life. The function of cotton in the development and subsequent effects to Atlanta can non be overstated. As a primary harvest. it afforded for the growing of the metropolis but came with a cost to its environment and to its citizens. The cotton industry is mostly responsible for the race dealingss and much of the civil agitation that occurred in Atlanta and the southern parts of the United States. Competition that took topographic point for resources resulted in the devastation of forest lands and the constitution of a category society. Cotton besides took its labor on the really dirt in which it was grown. consuming it of foods needed to turn farther harvests. Although it was of import to the economic system of the Atlanta country. the consequence of forced growing and competition was non a successful locale for Atlanta. The Longleaf Pine was merely one of a big assortment of pine trees that grow in the Atlanta country. The Longleaf Pine provided high-quality timber for edifice stuffs ; natural stuffs for the naval shops industry. and eatage for farm animal. As with other resources in the Atlanta country. the overexploitation of forest lands. and the competition for resources depleted the wood and led to a diminution in the population of the Longleaf pine. The creative activity of a large-scale lumber industry furthered the diminution of the forest country. Atlanta. rich in resources. is a good illustration of hapless direction of the land by it inhabitants. Resources that were one time plentiful were depleted in order to construct industry and create net incomes. Livingston. Burton E. . and Forrest Shreve. The Distribution of Vegetation in the United States: Equally Related to Climatic Conditions. Washington. DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. 1921. Questia. 26 Jan. 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=9416357 gt ; . New Georgia Encyclopedia. The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem. World Wide Web. georgianencyclopedia. com 26 Jan. 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. georgiaencyclopedia. org/nge/Article. jsp? id=h-2200 A ; hl=y gt ; Parkins. A. E. The South: Its Economic-Geographic Development. New York: Wiley. 1938. Questia. 26 Jan. 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=12088884 gt ; . Swanton. John R. Creek Religion and Medicine. Lincoln. Neon: University of Nebraska Press. 2000. Questia. 26 Jan. 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=85724942 gt ; . Tang. Anthony M. Economic Development in the Southern Piedmont. 1860-1950: Its Impact on Agriculture. Chapel Hill. North carolina: University of North Carolina Press. 1958. Questia. 26 Jan. 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=3520587 gt ; .

Strategic Personal Development Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategic Personal Development Plan - Term Paper Example The process of creating a PDP also involves the identification of the current situation in terms of qualification, skills, abilities as well as knowledge. Once all this is identified, the process of writing the PDP can start. The process of documenting the PDP involves several different stages, such as the current state and the situation that one desires to be, the ways to reach that position and so on. It is critical to identify the desired state because based on that, objectives and goals required to reach that state are arrived at. To get clarity on goals, it is ideal to use SMART criteria. For convenience, it is also good to split up the objectives based on whether they are short term, medium term and long term as this makes it easier to monitor them and achieve them. In the conclusion of the PDP, the reasons for achieving the goals are highlighted and the methods adopted to find out the best possible way to achieve these goals are identified. Introduction. A Personal Development Plan (PDP) can be defined as a formal, structured and organized process which is undertaken by an individual in order to get a perspective on their own learning, performance as well as achievements and to help them plan for development of their career, education as well as personal life. ... It is critical to identify the desired state because based on that, objectives and goals required to reach that state are arrived at. To get clarity on goals, it is ideal to use SMART criteria. For convenience, it is also good to split up the objectives based on whether they are short term, medium term and long term as this makes it easier to monitor them and achieve them. In the conclusion of the PDP, the reasons for achieving the goals are highlighted and the methods adopted to find out the best possible way to achieve these goals are identified. Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it into small jobs. Henry Ford 1. Introduction to PDP A Personal Development Plan (PDP) can be defined as a formal, structured and organized process which is undertaken by an individual in order to get a perspective on their own learning, performance as well as achievements and to help them plan for development of their career, education as well as personal life. A PDP should adopt many different approaches of learning that would help in connecting planning (the desire as well as the goal of an individual for learning), doing (developing a correlation between action and intent), recording (documenting thoughts, ideas, notions, experiences and events so that it is possible to understand the methods and outcomes of the learning process) and reflection (evaluating and judging the results of the process of learning). Personal development is just not a process that involves improving oneself and others, but it is also a process that involves practice and research. It involves a deep understanding of methods of personal developments, learning

Heart of Darkness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Heart of Darkness - Essay Example Kurtz is repeatedly described as mad and this madness had its sources in two important things: a) intellect/genius and b) unbridled power. Perhaps Marlow gave one of the best explanations for madness within Kurtz when he tries to understand the sources of depths of madness that he noticed in Kurtz. It is where he overcomes with this deep urge to kill Kurtz because the man looked just so extraordinarily inhuman: "Soul! If anybody has ever struggled with a soul, I am the man. And I wasn't arguing with a lunatic either. Believe me or not, his intelligence was perfectly clear-concentrated, it is true, upon himself with horrible intensity, yet clear; and therein was my only chance-barring of course, the killing him there and then, which wasn't so good, on account of the unavoidable noise. But his soul was mad. Being alone in the wilderness, it had looked within itself, and, by heavens! I tell you, it had gone mad. He struggled with himself, too. I saw it,-I heard it. I saw the inconceivable mystery of a soul that knew no restraint, no faith, and no fear, yet struggling blindly with itself." (144-145) This passage makes one thing clear. Kurtz was not a lunatic. His soul was the center of his corruption and his senseless antics. The man had lost faith, fear and anything else that could keep a watchful eye on his soul. Marlow testifies in favor of Kurtz's clear thinking.